Elektrische voertuigen de transitie naar een duurzame mobiliteit

Elektrische voertuigen de transitie naar een duurzame mobiliteit Prof. Dr. ir. Joeri Van Mierlo Director of Mobility, Logistics and Automotive Technology Research Centre

25% Vrije Universiteit Brussel MOBI Prof. Joeri Van Mierlo 2

57% NOx 25% PM Vrije Universiteit Brussel MOBI Prof. Joeri Van Mierlo 3 Joris Besseling

1 Billion Euro s per Day for import of Oil in Europe Jonathan C. Wheeler Vrije Universiteit Brussel MOBI Prof. Joeri Van Mierlo 4

Vrije Universiteit Brussel MOBI Prof. Joeri Van Mierlo 5 Manon

Strong foundations 1979 - Vrije Universiteit Brussel 2014 - Vrije Universiteit Brussel Vrije Universiteit Brussel MOBI Prof. Joeri Van Mierlo 6

E-mobility

Vrije Universiteit Brussel MOBI Prof. Joeri Van Mierlo 8

Streefdoel Vlaanderen 2020 Vrije Universiteit Brussel MOBI Prof. Joeri Van Mierlo 9

EV vehicle models d.d. 31/12/14 Source: AVERE (2014) Vrije Universiteit Brussel MOBI Prof. Joeri Van Mierlo 11

Top 3 Barriers for EVs High purchase cost Limited driving range Limited charging infrastructure Vrije Universiteit Brussel MOBI Prof. Joeri Van Mierlo 13

Range anxiety 95 to 99% trips <100km 30% vehicle fleet never >100km Improved batteries: Specific energy (Wh/kg): x2 x2 x3 x3 Lead Nickel Lithium 2020 2030 30 35 50 80 80 200 400-600 1000-2000? Plug-in hybrid (EV+range extender) Wireless Dynamic inductive charging Vrije Universiteit Brussel MOBI Prof. Joeri Van Mierlo 14

Infrastructure needs Where is your car during one week? Work Home Vrije Universiteit Brussel MOBI Prof. Joeri Van Mierlo 15

70,00% Garage en parking gelegenheden in België 60,00% 50,00% 40,00% 30,00% 20,00% 10,00% 0,00% Vlaanderen Walonië Brussel % aantal gebouwen met garage, parking of overdekte staanplaats / aantal gebouwen % aantal gebouwen met garage, parking of overdekte staanplaats / aantal woongelegenheden Bron: FOD Economie Vrije Universiteit Brussel MOBI Prof. Joeri Van Mierlo MOBI - Mobility, Logistics and Automotive Technology 17

Intelligent roll-out of infrastructure Vrije Universiteit Brussel MOBI Prof. Joeri Van Mierlo MOBI - Mobility, Logistics and Automotive Technology 18

Electricity production and distribution 100 000 EVs = > +0,4 % extra electricity production But potential extra demand for electricity after working hours Battery as storage solution? opportunity to give electricity back to the grid? Smart battery charging during off peak hours Impact on life expectancy of battery 2 nd hand market for EV batteries (still 80% original capacity) Vrije Universiteit Brussel MOBI Prof. Joeri Van Mierlo 19

How Green are Clean vehicles?

Vrije Universiteit Brussel MOBI Prof. Joeri Van Mierlo Bert Kaufmann 22

Life Cycle Assessment Raw materials Refining and transport Distribution Usage Waste Raw materials Production of components Assembly and distribiution Vrije Universiteit Brussel MOBI Prof. Joeri Van Mierlo 24

Single score Human health Ecosystem Resource availability Endpoint Damages Radiation Climate change Human toxicity Ozone formation PM formation Eutrophication Ozone depletion Eco toxicity Acidification Land use Water use Mineral depletion Fossil fuel depletion Midpoint impacts CO 2, CH 4, N 2 O, NO x, Cd, Benzene, iron ore, hard coal, land use, and other elementary flows (emissions and resources) Elementary flows WTT Maintenance Raw materials Production Refining and production Distribution TTW Inventory model Usage Waste Raw materials Production of components Assembly and distribiution FU: 209,470 km (14.1 years, 14,856 km/yr) Vrije Universiteit Brussel MOBI Prof. Joeri Van Mierlo Road infrastructure 25

Single score Radiation Climate change Human toxicity Ozone formation PM formation Eutrophication Ozone depletion Eco toxicity Acidification Land use Water use Mineral depletion Fossil fuel depletion Midpoint impacts CO 2, CH 4, N 2 O, NO x, Cd, Benzene, iron ore, hard coal, land use, and other elementary flows (emissions and resources) Elementary flows WTT Maintenance Raw materials Production Refining and production Distribution TTW Inventory model Usage Waste Raw materials Production of components Assembly and distribiution Road infrastructure Vrije Universiteit Brussel MOBI Prof. Joeri Van Mierlo 27

Air quality in Belgium Vrije Universiteit Brussel MOBI Prof. Joeri Van Mierlo 28

Life cycle air quality! Geographical & Temporal Resolution in LCA Vrije Universiteit Brussel MOBI Prof. Joeri Van Mierlo 29

970 1035.4 1100.8 1166.2 1231.6 1297 1362.4 1427.8 1493.2 Density Parameterized vehicle-lca model Vehicle database Parameterized LCI model Vehicle segmentation Monte Carlo assessment Data fitting 0,12 0,1 0,08 0,06 0,04 0,02 0 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Weight [kg] Vrije Universiteit Brussel MOBI Prof. Joeri Van Mierlo 30

Single score Messagie, M., et.al.. (2014) A Range-Based Vehicle Life Cycle Assessment Vrije Universiteit Brussel MOBI Prof. Joeri Van Mierlo Incorporating Variability in the Environmental Assessment of Different Vehicle 31 Technologies and Fuels. ENERGIES Volume: 7 Issue: 3 Pages: 1467-1482

Influence of the electricity mix Vrije Universiteit Brussel MOBI Prof. Joeri Van Mierlo Ref: Messagie, M., et.al. (2014) A Range-Based Vehicle Life Cycle Assessment Incorporating Variability in the Environmental Assessment of Different Vehicle Technologies and Fuels. ENERGIES 33

How affordable are Clean Vehicles?

TCO methodology Vrije Universiteit Brussel MOBI Prof. Joeri Van Mierlo 35

Passenger cars medium cars Vrije Universiteit Brussel MOBI Prof. Joeri Van Mierlo

Passenger cars premium cars Vrije Universiteit Brussel MOBI Prof. Joeri Van Mierlo

Company cars medium cars Vrije Universiteit Brussel MOBI Prof. Joeri Van Mierlo

Company cars premium cars Vrije Universiteit Brussel MOBI Prof. Joeri Van Mierlo

Electrification: 1 mln. additional jobs in 2030 in EU 2 mln. additional jobs in 2050 in EU Source: Fuelling EUROPE S Future, 2013 Vrije Universiteit Brussel MOBI Prof. Joeri Van Mierlo 41

Fun to drive and. Vrije Universiteit Brussel MOBI Prof. Joeri Van Mierlo 42

Mobility, Logistics and Automotive Research centre Vrije Universiteit Brussel Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels mobi.vub.ac.be twitter.com/mobi_vub Prof. Joeri Van Mierlo Phone +32 2 629 28 03 Email joeri.van.mierlo@vub.ac.be Office Building Z (ZE109) Vrije Universiteit Brussel MOBI Prof. Joeri Van Mierlo 43