P14 Kunnen Apaches vliegen op algen? Algen, een nieuwe industrie in NL Algen demonstratie project in Roosendaal ZLTO dagen zaterdag 26 februari 2011 Contact: Algae 4 Bulk Lodewijk Westerling westerling@algae4bulk.com Paul de Witte paul.dewitte@algae4bulk.com 1
P14 Kunnen Apaches vliegen op algen? Vliegen waarom niet gewoon op fossiele kerosine? Welke alternatieven zijn er? Algen een zeer interessant gewas! Status algen teelt Algen voor Bulk project in Roosendaal => oplossen kip ei probleem 2
Drie hoofdredenen om te zoeken naar alternatieven voor fossiele brandstof met name klimaat neutrale alternatieven The three drivers of alternative (bio)fuels - price, sustainability and security - are supported by government policies Increasing demand (especially from emerging markets; China will be the largest energy consumer by 2010) New oil is expensive oil (deep sea, oil sands so the floor for marginal production cost will stay permanently high) Major oil producing countries have planned their future budgets under the assumption of a barrel price of more than $60 Logic of higher oil prices in the future Increased use of resource nationalism Oil independence & security of supply Reduction of GHG s Public concerns Governmental commitments (recently again in EU, and Obama) Government Support EU Emission Trading TS Mandate USA Stimulus package of $800 m. Biofuels targets (Federal RFS of 36 billion gallons by 2022) Technical development Defense lobby (DARPA) US Military is #1 Consumer of Diesel Fuel in The World 3 3
The availability of easy and cheap conventional oil will decrease sooner rather than later International oil companies produce more than they discover since early 90 s World Oil Production Historic Forecast Amount of proven/probable/possible (p90/p50/p10) reserves is influenced by oil price, technology, and politics Canadian tar sands (politics) Venezuela heavy oil (technology) Oil Cost Curve 4
With today s figures the run out rate of conventional oil is 60 years Source Proven resources and reserves (Exajoules) Current Consumption (Exajoules/year) Run out rate (years) = Strong dependence on definition of proven resource / reserve Mining economics is an important determinant of availability Run out rate at current consumption The actual run out time is dependent on future consumption development and actual resources Source: BP/ Spring Associates analysis 5 5
BioJet is preferred as ethanol and hydrogen will require major airplane modifications and will result in higher energy usage Energy use compared to current Jet A-1 50% larger engines (needed for extra weight of fuel and wing) 2.0 35% heavier takeoff weight (20% OEW increase) 25% larger wing (needed to carry more fuel since it contains less energy) 1.5 % BioJet requires no changes to the planes and has the same energy use as Jet A-1 Alternative/Drop-in: 1.0 % BioJet (1) BioJet from the Fisher-Tropsch process (2) BioJet similar to a refined bio-diesel fuel 0.5 % 25% smaller engines 5% lighter takeoff weight (13% OEW increase) 5% smaller wing 0 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 LH2 tanks need wider cabin Volume (ft 3 /BTU) 4.5 5.0 Source: CAAFI (2007)/ Boeing (2007) 6 6
BioJet is the only real option to reduce aviation GHG emissions Well-to-Tank Emissions Tank-to-Wing Emissions Well-to-Wing Emissions CO 2 kg per barrel CO 2 40 (CO 2 emissions Relative to Petro-Oil) Petro-oil Kerosene 442 (100%) CO 2 394 CO 2 402 Coal Kerosene 796 (180%) CO 2 CO 2 0-141 CO 2 -/- 402 20 Bio-oil Growing Extraction/ Transport/ Refining/ Transport Bio Kerosene 20-161 (4% - 36%) If the algae residue is used as landfill total CO 2 used will double to -/- 804, this would entail an overall reduction in Green House Gasses Source: European Commission - Fuel and Energy Production Emission Factors (1997)/ BP (2008)/ Boeing (2007)/ Spring Associates Analysis 7 7
Many feedstock and conversion routes exist continuous R&D efforts add new opportunities as well Feedstock Conversion Fuel Bio Oils Rapeseed Soy Palm Jatropha Algae Animal Fats Extraction Conversion Bio Jet Diesel Sugar & Starch Hydrolysis Bio-ethanol Corn Sugarcane Sugar beet Sorghum Residues & wastes Forestry Agricultura Straw l Municipal pre-treatment Unlocking Gasification Fermentation FT FT Bio-gas Jet Diesel Pyrolysis oil Perennial grasses cellulose Miscanthus Switch grass Pyrolysis HTU Jet Diesel Woody perennials Willow/Poplar, Pine/Spruce, Eucalyptus, Acacia, Prosopis HTU Bio- metha nol Hydrogen Green Electricity (Hydro, Wind, Solar, Marine) Combined plant H 2 O & CO 2 (Carbon Capture) 1.28 Efficiency of Petroleum crude to Jet fuel Deoxygenation/ Hydrogenation or Esterification (using Methanol or Ethanol) Source: NTNU-Norwegian Univ. of Science and Techn.; ECN; World bank; Imperial College Centre for Energy Policy and Technology (2003)/ Spring Associates Analysis 8 8
Energie alternatieven Alternatieve duurzame energiebronnen (wind en zonne energie) sterk in opkomst voor verschillende doeleinden Voor luchtvaart is dit geen alternatief Biobrandstoffen van de 2 e /3 e generatie zijn kwalitatief volstrekt gelijk aan huidige brandstoffen ( drop in ). Daarom voor luchtvaart heel interessant. Huidige biobrandstoffen discutabel om verschillende redenen (kwaliteit, food vs fuel discussie, afbranden regenwoud, waterverbruik, energiebalans) KLM gevlogen op biobrandstof (Camelina) nov 2009 Defensie: eerste helikopter ter wereld op biokerosine, juni 2010 9
Increasing pressure on land use and land usage hierarchy make high yield & low demanding crops necessary for Bio Fuel plantation Increasing pressure on land use Increasing demand for renewable resources Depletion of fossil stocks Increasing demand of biobased & biodegradable sources Global warming (GHG) Contamination of ecosystems globally Increasing concerns on biodiversity Depletion of ecosystems Destruction of habitats Increasing demand of goods population growth Increasing standard of living Energy crops at bottom of land usage hierarchy Increasing urgency on efficient and thoughtful usage of scarce resources: Land (m 2 ) Fresh water Etc. Land usage hierarchy: 1. High conservation value area 2. Residential 3. Food supply 4. Recreational 5. Industrial 6. Barren / energy crops High yield low demanding crops are desirable 10 10
Increasing pressure on land usage: how to gracefully reconcile all legitimate claims on land usage Global Footprint: 1,4 x planet earth Increasing demand renewable resources Depletion of resources Competition on land usage Waste streams disrupt ecosystems - Global Climate Change - Chemical residues (hormonal effects o.a.) - Plastic soup in the Pacific Increasing population and standard of living Increasing urgency on efficient and thoughtful usage of scarce resources: Land (m 2 ) Fresh water Etc. Land usage hierarchy: 1. High cons. value area 2. Residential 3. Food supply 4. Recreational 5. Industrial 6. Barren / energy crops Only residues or low value land available for these purposes High yield with low requirements to be found 11
Of all sustainable feedstock options, algae have the highest yield of energy capture per area Total yield (GJ/Ha/a) of typical dedicated energy crops Direct crude oil yields selected feedstock oil bbl/ha/year open pond (NL) PBR (Aruba) 3658 Potential Actual Feedstock Bio-Oils Sugar & Starch Perennial Grasses Woody Perennials Source: Righelato and Spracklen (2007)/ 2006 -Technology trajectories for transport and its energy supply (Fraunhofer Institute Systems)/ EEA (2007) 12
Algae biomass consists of highly valuable components Typical main components of Algae Human Food Animal Feed (soy market) Protein 20~40% 15~50% Lipids Basis for fish oils (Omega 3) Human Food Fisheries Fine chemicals Animal Feed Transportation fuels 20~30% Fine chemicals Transportation fuels Whole algae Human Food Fine chemicals Transportation fuels Carbohydrates Animal Feed Fine chemicals Transportation fuels Trace elements Beta Carotene Vitamins 13
Present production in open ponds Earthrise California IngrePro (NL) - ingredients Cyanotech (Hawaii) 75 ha Round ponds (Japan) 14 14
Present production in Photo Bio Reactors SBAE (B) - aquaculture Bioprodukte Prof. Steinberg (D) - nutraceuticals Lgem (NL) - aquaculture Alga Technologies (Israel) - astaxanthin 15 15
Present algae production is focused on high margin and low volume niche markets Present algae markets Potential algae markets ~ 10x price reduction required for first bulk markets at lower price levels algae are well suited for bulk markets 16
Algae are a promising crop for the (near) future with many advantages and few disadvantages Advantages Highest yield of energy capture per area No competition on fresh water needed: Algae can use wastewater for nutrients Can grow in brackish or salt water No competition on land required: Growth possible on any type of land, including waste lands, i.e. no competition with food crops necessary Valuable biomass byproducts (algae cake) Byproducts can add to food/feed market Disadvantages Large scale production at lower costs is nascent present players in high margin niche markets Immature technologies Overall energy efficiency uncertain High uncertainty on yield Risk of culture collapse Short pre-investment period (full production within weeks after commissioning of plantation) High oil content Continuous harvesting possible 17
Bulk markets price levels will require adaptation across the entire value chain End market determines nutrient input Nutrient costs to be minimal Algae strain and climate determine growth system Present harvesting and drying expensive and energy intensive First tests of interesting alternatives conducted Efficient extraction of valuable components still nascent Promising technologies for conversion of algae cake PBR (tubular; flat panel, closed tank, bags) Open pond and optimising revenue from the biomass components 18
Algae 4 Bulk stichting en project DOEL: Algen teelt geschikt maken voor bulk markten Reduceren kostprijs en energieverbruik Door optimaliseren van gehele waardeketen Demonstratie van best in class oplossingen op commerciële schaal Koppelen alle stappen in waardeketen in één project Inclusief deelname afnemende partijen (ook nieuwe) Aantonen dat productie voor <1 /kg DDS kan Ingang bij 1 e bulk afzetmarkten Uitrol model ontwikkeld DAARNA: Uitrollen Totaaloplossing bieden voor boeren (aanleg, teelt, afname) Zelf ontwikkelen teeltgebieden Algenbiomassa verwerkende installaties Eventueel: doorontwikkeling aquatische biomassa (halophyten, algenteelt voor arme landen) 19
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Algae 4 Bulk: demonstratie project in Roosendaal Volledige waardeketen in één demonstratie project van nutriënt rijke afvalstromen tot en met afnemende industrieën Zeer geschikte locatie in Roosendaal Beschikbaarheid vijvers; vergunningen; nutriëntrijke afvalstromen; restwarmte en CO 2 ; verwerkende industrieën NL kansrijk om algenteelt verder te ontwikkelen (algen kennis en teelt; agroindustrieel en petrochemisch cluster) Stichting Algae 4 Bulk als trekker van het project, in samenwerking met partner bedrijven Contacten met mogelijke investeerders lopen: Overheden (EZ, LNV, Provincie Noord Brabant, Gemeente Roosendaal), Stichtingen en diverse bedrijven aangevuld met subsidies. 22
Algae 4 Bulk: voortgang Vele stakeholders zijn erg enthousiast: Gemeente Roosendaal; Cosun; Sita Provincie Brabant; ZLTO; Waterschap Brabantse Delta; BOM Ingrepro; SBAE (B); Maris Projects; WUR; Inventure (VS); NesteOil (F) MinDef; EZ; LNV; V&W; Werkgroep Biobased Economy, Energietransitie Raad v Advies: Cees Veerman (Vz); Michel Peters (Dir NLR); Prof K. Muylaert (KU Leuven Kortrijk) Commissie v Aanbeveling: Herman Wijffels, Dick Berlijn Project op hoofdlijnen gevormd 4 ha Industriële algen productie en 1 ha demonstratie teelt methoden Industriële proeftuin van best in class technologieën voor iedere stap in de waardeketen Nauwe samenwerking met afnemende / verwerkende industrieën Toezeggingen van de beoogde launching partners Stichting Algae 4 Bulk als trekker van het project, in samenwerking met partner bedrijven Cees Veerman Michel Peters Herman Wijffels Dick Berlijn 23