Persoonlijke empowerment: Aspecten van zelfbeleving: Ervaring van zin of betekenis

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1 Persoonlijke empowerment: Aspecten van zelfbeleving: Ervaring van zin of betekenis Aspecten van zelfbeleving: - gevoel van controle - gevoel van competentie - ervaring van zin, betekenis - positief gevoel van eigenwaarde Dit aspect heeft betrekking op de vraag of mensen een gevoel van zingeving, betekenisvolheid, enthousiasme, inspiratie en/of doelgerichtheid ervaren met betrekking tot het thema of in hun leven in het algemeen. Dit aspect wordt niet door alle auteurs gezien als onderdeel van persoonlijke empowerment. Er zijn hier 4 instrumenten beschreven: Algemeen: - Meaning in Life Questionnaire (Steger et al., 2006) (talig) - Voorbeelditems health empowerment (Menon 2002) (talig) Werknemers: - Instrument van Spreitzer (1995) (talig) - Instrument van Menon (1999) (talig)

2 Meaning in Life Questionnaire (Steger et al., 2006) Gemeten dimensies van empowerment Persoonlijke empowerment Gemeten aspect(en) van empowerment Ervaring van zin of betekenis Presence of Meaning; Search for Meaning 10 items Beschikbaarheid Ja, afgedrukt in Steger et al. (2006) Steger, M.F., Frazier, P., Oishi, S. & Kaler, M. (2006). The Meaning in Life Questionnaire: assessing the presence of and search for meaning in life. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53(1), Bron van informatie over dit instrument Steger et al. (2006) Instructie: Please take a moment to think about what makes your life feel important to you. Please respond to the following statements as truthfully and accurately as you can, and also please remember that these are very subjective questions and that there are no right or wrong answers. Please answer according to the scale below: 1=absolutely untrue, 2=mostly untrue, 3=somewhat untrue, 4=can t say true or false, 5=somewhat true, 6=mostly true, 7=absolutely true 1. I understand my life s meaning. 2. I am looking for something that makes my life feel meaningful. 3. I am always looking to find my life s purpose. 4. My life has a clear sense of purpose. 5. I have a good sense of what makes my life meaningful. 6. I have discovered a satisfying life purpose. 7. I am always searching for something that makes my life feel significant. 8. I am seeking a purpose or mission for my life. 9. My life has no clear purpose. 10. I am searching for meaning in my life. Aanwezigheid van zingeving: items 1, 4, 5, 6, en 9 (omgekeerd coderen) Zoeken naar zingeving: items 2, 3, 7, 8, 10.

3 Voorbeelditems health empowerment (Menon, 2002) Gemeten dimensies van empowerment Gemeten aspect(en) van empowerment Beschikbaarheid Bron van informatie over dit instrument Menon (2002). Persoonlijke empowerment Waargenomen controle; waargenomen competentie; zingeving/betekenis Er zijn geen subschalen, wel voorbeelitems geordend naar de kopjes Perceived Control, Perceived Competence en Goal Internalization Perceived Control 12 voorbeelditems; Perceived Competence 14 voorbeelditems; Goal Internalization 8 voorbeelditems, gezondheid algemeen Niet specifiek Volwassenen Ja, voorbeelditems afgedrukt in Menon (2002) Menon, S.T. (2002). Toward a model of psychological health empowerment: implications for health care in multicultural communities. Nurse Education Today, 22, Het gaat hier niet om een instrument, maar om ideeën voor items over waargenomen controle, waargenomen competentie en zingeving/betekenis als onderdeel van het begrip health empowerment. Voorbeelditems Perceived Control - I have the time and finances to choose a healthy lifestyle and healthful conditions. - I have the resources to maintain good health. - I know I have access to health care when I need it. - I know I can get good health care if I need it. - I know I can get the support I need to stay healthy. - I am confident that my doctor and other health services providers are acting in my best interests. - I am confident that my doctor and other health services providers will respect my wishes and dignity to the extent possible. - I know that my doctor and other health services providers will provide the information I need. - I know that my doctor and other health services providers will inform me of my choices with regard to my health and health care.

4 - I know I can influence my doctor s and other health services providers decisions regarding my health and health care. - I know I have the power to make decisions concerning my health. - I am aware of my protections under the law with regard to health and health care. Voorbeelditems Perceived Competence - I have the capability and knowledge required to maintain a healthy lifestyle. - I believe I can lead a healthy lifestyle. - I believe I am able to make the right decisions to maintain good health. - I believe I have the competence to be healthy. - I have the ability to manage minor ailments that do not require specialized medical assistance. - I believe I have the competence to know when to see a doctor. - I know how to seek specialized medical assistance when needed. - I believe I have the competence to seek appropriate medical care. - I can clearly communicate my needs to my doctor and other health service providers. - I think I know what questions to ask my doctor and other health service providers. - I can understand the information given to me by my doctor and other health service providers. - I am capable of following directions or medical advice given to me by my doctor and other health service providers. - I know how to deal with procedures and paperwork related to my health care. - I know what to do when I am not satisfied with the health care I received. Voorbeelditems Goal Internalization - I believe that being healthy is very important. - I am keen on maintaining good health. - I am enthusiastic about my own efforts to maintain good health. - I believe that improving everyone s health is important. - I believe that improving the quality and availability of health care services is important. - I am inspired by what we are developing in health care. - I am inspired by the goals of the health care providers to improve people s health. - I am enthusiastic about the recent health care reforms to improve health care available to people.

5 Instrument van Spreitzer (1995) Gemeten dimensies van empowerment Persoonlijke empowerment Gemeten aspect(en) van empowerment Waargenomen controle; competentie; zingeving Impact; Self-Determination; Competence; Meaning 4 subschalen met in totaal 12 items Werk Werknemers Beschikbaarheid Ja, afgedrukt in Spreitzer (1995) Spreitzer, G.M. (1995). Psychological empowerment in the workplace: dimensions, measurement and validation. Academy of Management Journal, 38(5), Bron van informatie over dit instrument Spreitzer (1995) Subschaal Impact (=waargenomen controle) - My impact on what happens in my department is large. - I have a great deal of control over what happens in my department. - I have significant influence over what happens in my department. Subschaal Self-Determination (=waargenomen controle, autonomie) - I have significant autonomy in how I do my job. - I can decide on my own how to go about doing my work. - I have considerable opportunity for independence and freedom in how I do my job. Subschaal Competence (=waargenomen competentie) - I am confident about my ability to do my job. - I am self-assured about my capabilities to perform my work activities. - I have mastered the skills necessary for my job. Subschaal Meaning (= zingeving/betekenis) - The work I do is very important to me. - My job activities are personally meaningful to me. - The work I do is meaningful to me.

6 Instrument van Menon (1999) Gemeten dimensies van empowerment Persoonlijke empowerment Gemeten aspect(en) van empowerment Waargenomen controle; competentie; zingeving/betekenis Perceived Control; Perceived Competence; Goal Internalization 3 subschalen met in totaal 9 items, niet gericht op gezondheid Werk Werknemers Beschikbaarheid Ja, afgedrukt in Menon 1999 Menon, S.T. (1999). Psychological empowerment: definition, measurement, and validation. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Sciences, 31(3), Bron van informatie over dit instrument Menon (1999) De auteur stelt dat er op het gebied van werk drie aspecten aan empowerment zijn te onderscheiden: waargenomen controle, waargenomen competentie en geïnternaliseerde doelen. Uit een initiële pool van 60 items werden door enkele deskundigen 15 items als relevant geselecteerd, 5 items per aspect. Deze lijst werd ingevuld door 311 Canadese werknemers. Na principale componentenanalyse waaruit bleek dat 6 items relatief zwak laadden op een factor, werden deze items verwijderd zodat een schaal van 9 items over bleef. De lijst met 15 items werd ingevuld door 311 Canadese werknemers. Uit een principale componentenanalyse kwamen 3 factoren naar voren, ook na verwijdering van 6 items die relatief zwak laadden. In een tweede onderzoek onder 66 Canadese werknemers werd de constructvaliditeit nagegaan middels correlaties tussen de 9-item vragenlijst en een aantal andere constructen: centraliseren; delegeren; consulteren; eigenwaarde; commitment; betrokkenheid; en burgerschapsgedrag. De richting en sterkte van de correlaties was in de lijn der verwachting. De interne consistentie van de subschalen werd nagegaan via de berekening van Cronbach alpha coëfficiënten. De betrouwbaarheidscoëfficiënten varieerden tussen.80 en.88 en kunnen goed worden genoemd. De test-hertestbetrouwbaarheid varieerde van.77 tot.87. Subschaal Perceived Control (=waargenomen controle) - I can influence the way work is done in my department. - I can influence decisions taken in my department. - I have the authority to make decisions at work.

7 Subschaal Perceived Competence (=waargenomen competentie) - I have the capabilities required to do my job well. - I have the skills and abilities to do my job well. - I have the competence to work effectively. Subschaal Goal Internalization (=zingeving/betekenis) - I am inspired by what we are trying to achieve as an organization. - I am inspired by the goals of the organization. - I am enthusiastic about working toward the organization s objectives.