Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOC)

Transcriptie

1 Part III. Oil Deposits of crude oil often are trapped within the earth's crust and can be extracted by drilling a well Crude oil: complex liquid mixture of hydrocarbons, with small amounts of S, O, N impurities

2 Crude Oil is a liquid mixture of thousands of organic chemicals found underground. It is the result of organic matter decaying over thousands of years; hence the name fossil fuel Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOC) 1. Thermal recovery, which involves injection of steam to thin heavy oil 2. Chemical injection, which involves the use of long-chained molecules (polymers) to increase the effectiveness of waterfloods or detergent-like surfactants to help lower the surface tension that often prevents oil droplets from moving through a reservoir 3. Gas injection, which uses gases such as natural gas, nitrogen, or combustion flume gases that expand in a reservoir to push additional oil to the wellbore, or other gases that dissolve in the oil to lower its viscosity and increases its flow rate

3 World Explored Oil Reserves

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6 Oil Refinery Transforming relatively low value crude oil into high value products as efficiently, profitably and environmentally a way as possible.

7 Hydrocarbon Fractions from Petroleum

8 석유화학사업영역 석유정제공업석유화학공업가공산업최종제품 원유 LPG 휘발유납사등유 기초유분에틸렌프로필렌부타디엔 B.T.X 합성수지 HDPE LDPE PP ABS PVC Plastics 가공업 전기, 전자소재건설자재자동차소재포장재, 일용품 경유 합성고무 고무산업 타이어 B-C 유 중간원료 EDC SBR, BR 합섬원료 섬유산업 의류, 침구 VCM SM p-xylene AN, EG, TPA 기타화학제품 TDI/MDI 등 첨단소재산업화장품, 농약, 의약품 페인트, 접착제

9 Separation & Reaction Separate crude into fractions Convert low octane components to higher octane components Convert the very heavy stuff to heavy oils Convert heavy oils to gasoline,diesel,jet fuel Remove sulfur/nitrogen through reaction Blend intermediate streams together to meet product specifications

10 Separation (Fractionation) Flash Distillation Absorption Adsorption Settling (WATER/OIL) Reaction(Chemical Processing) Isomerization Alkylation Reforming Hydrodesulfurization Hydrodenitrization Hydrocracking Cat-Cracking Coking

11 Knocking

12 Octane Number (Rate) How much the fuel can be compressed before it spontaneously ignites. Knocking : gas ignites by compression rather than because of the spark from the spark plug Compression Ratio : V1/V2

13 Octane Number (Rate)

14 Octane Number (Rate) RON (Research Octane Number) : under normal driving conditions. ~ 45 miles/hr, 600 RPMs MON (Motor Octane Number) : under severe driving conditions. ~ 70 miles/hr 900 RPMs Octane Number (ON) = (RON + MON)/2 CH 3 CH 3 CH 3 -C-CH 2 -CH -CH 3 CH 3 isooctane octane number = 100 CH 3 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 n-heptane octane number = 0

15 Tetraethyl Lead Octane Booster PbC, PbO, PbSO 4 등의형태로대기중배출 촉매피독 뇌의손상및사망, 기억력저하 MTBE (Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether) 발암물질 (Carcinogenic) 물과쉽게섞임

16 Crude Oil Elementary Analysis Carbon - 84% Hydrogen - 14% Sulfur - 1 to 3% Nitrogen - less than 1% Oxygen - less than 1% Metals - less than 1% Salts - less than 1% Hydrocarbons Paraffins Aromatics Naphthenes(Cycloalkanes) Alkenes Alkynes or Dienes

17 Chemical Processing Cracking : breaking large hydrocarbons into smaller pieces (Thermal, Catalytic, Hydro) Unification : combining smaller pieces to make larger ones (Alkylation) Alteration : rearranging various pieces to make desired hydrocarbons (Isomerization, Reforming)