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1 Cover Page The handle holds various files of this Leiden University dissertation Author: Said-Zammit, G.A. Title: The development of domestic space in the Maltese Islands from the Late Middle Ages to the second half of the Twentieth Century Issue Date:

2 NEDERLANDSE SAMENVATTING De ontwikkeling van woonruimte in het Maltese eilanden vanaf de late middeleeuwen tot aan de tweede helft van de twintigste eeuw G.A. Said-Zammit Doelstellingen en opzet van het onderzoek Dit proefschrift onderzoekt en analyseert de evolutie van de woonruimten in lokale en beschaafde Maltese huizen door de tijd heen. De bestudeerde huizen variëren van eenvoudige gebouwen van bescheiden omvang, materialen en ontwerp, zoals boerderijen, of die voor de minder welvarende stedelingen, naar gebouwen van grand design, zoals herenhuizen en privé-paleizen. Betrekking hebbend op de periodes van de middeleeuwse tot hedendaagse tijden, beschrijft dit werk verschillende aspecten van de Maltese levensstijl, cultuur en economische activiteiten, beoordeeld aan de hand van de lokale huizen, zowel vanuit een architecturaal oogpunt als vanuit een economisch en antropologisch perspectief. Het specifieke doel is om Maltese huizen niet als een statisch overblijfsel uit het verleden te onderzoeken, maar als een levendige plek van menselijke activiteiten en sociale interactie, waarin mensen handelen en reageren op verschillende manieren, afhankelijk van verschillende omstandigheden. In die zin zijn huizen ook bestudeerd in termen van hun ruimtelijke eigenschappen en hoe een woonhuis privacy, interactie en communicatie, bereikbaarheid en veiligheid genereerde en net zo belangrijk, hoe woonruimten in verhouding stonden tot rolpatronen van man en vrouw, status en klasse. De doelstellingen van dit proefschrift zijn: a) systematische huis-enquêtes en rigoureuze gegevensregistratie ten behoeve van het categoriseren van de verschillende soorten woningen; b) gedetailleerd veldonderzoek, cartografische analyse en geografisch onderzoek om zo een verband te kunnen leggen tussen de evolutie van de nederzettingen en de ontwikkeling van woonruimten; c) de studie en waardering van de literaire bronnen en oeuvres d'art om zo te evalueren hoe Maltese huizen werden ervaren door reizigers, bezoekers en kunstenaars; d) de documentatie en evaluatie van inboedel en meubilair door middel van vergelijkende studies van permanente museum tentoonstellingen en notariële dossiers; e) de analyse van een breed scala van historische bronnen (inclusief notariële dossiers en reisverhalen) om zo Maltese huizen als een plaats van menselijke bewoning en socio-economische activiteit te verkennen; 421

3 f) een systematische analyse van een kleine maar coherente steekproef van huisplattegronden met behulp van formele technieken voor ruimtelijke analyse (Space Syntax) om zo de evolutie van de Maltese huizen en nederzettingen door middel van hun intrinsieke ruimtelijke eigenschappen te bestuderen; g) de analyse van demografische gegevens (bijvoorbeeld bevolkingsverslagen en nationale tellingen) om zo de sociaal-antropologische dimensie van de Maltese huizen te bestuderen; h) de analyse van de recente lokale binnenhuisarchitectuur om zo de percepties van de Maltese hedendaagse samenleving te evalueren. Deze individuele onderdelen van onderzoek hebben hun eigen merites, maar in combinatie vullen ze elkaar aan en versterken ze elkaar en laten nieuwe en diepere inzichten in de evolutie van de Maltese huizen zien. Om een integraal beeld te krijgen van de ontwikkeling van woonruimten op de Maltese eilanden, was het noodzakelijk om in dit proefschrift verschillende types van lokale huizen te analyseren, verdeeld over een groot geografisch gebied en ook over een lange periode, vanaf de Middeleeuwen en eindigend met de industrialisatie van de Maltese eilanden (eind jaren zestig / begin jaren zeventig van de 20e eeuw). Het bestudeerde tijdvak is als volgt verdeeld: a) De Middeleeuwen (of de middeleeuwse periode): vanaf de Byzantijnse periode (6e eeuw na Christus) tot aan de bezetting van de eilanden door de Ridders van St. John in Dit wordt verder als volgt onderverdeeld: i. Byzantijnse Periode c ii. Moslim Periode iii. Normaanse Periode iv. Hohenstaufen Periode v. Angevin Periode vi. Aragonese periode b) Het Riddertijdperk: de Ridders bezetten de eilanden tussen 1530 en c) De Franse tijd: een korte periode van Franse bezetting tussen 1798 en d) De Britse (of Koloniale) periode: beginnend in 1800 en eindigend met de politieke onafhankelijkheid in e) De periode die volgt na de onafhankelijkheid: deze periode begint met de politieke onafhankelijkheid van Malta in 1964 en omvat de belangrijkste economische en sociale prestaties, die de eilanden verworven hebben tijdens de tweede helft van de 20e eeuw. Het proefschrift is onderverdeeld in twaalf hoofdstukken. De eerste drie hoofdstukken vormen het algemene kader voor dit onderzoek, met inbegrip van de geografische en chronologische parameters, alsook de gebruikte methodologie (hoofdstuk 1), een historische achtergrond op Malta, met bijzondere aandacht voor de samenleving, klassenstructuur, economie en nederzettingen (hoofdstuk 2) en een analyse van de lokale binnenhuisarchitectuur (hoofdstuk 3). Het is vanuit die achtergrond van deze drie hoofdstukken, dat de Maltese huizen en nederzettingen in dit proefschrift nader geanalyseerd worden. 422

4 De volgende twee hoofdstukken verkennen de lokale bebouwde omgeving door middel van literatuur en kunst. Hoofdstuk 4 bestudeert de huizen en nederzettingen uit waarnemingen of beschrijvingen van dichters, schrijvers en bezoekers. In dit hoofdstuk droegen de nationale tellingen bij aan het verwerven van data van de lokale bevolking en huisvesting, bijvoorbeeld de bezetting en de persoon per kamer index. Hoofdstuk 5 onderzoekt lokale nederzettingen en woningen door middel van een aantal kunstwerken. Deze works-of-art droegen bij aan het bestuderen van verschillende soorten stedelijke en landelijke huizen, niet alleen vanuit een architecturaal oogpunt, maar ook vanuit een antropologisch perspectief. Het belang van deze twee hoofdstukken ligt in het feit dat de Maltese huizen en nederzettingen worden gezien vanuit verschillende perspectieven, en zo inzicht verstrekken over hoe door de tijd heen de lokale bevolking en buitenlanders keken naar woningen en dorpen met hun inwoners. De volgende vier hoofdstukken gaan over verschillende aspecten van het lokale leven en hoe de Maltese families de woonruimten gebruikten voor verschillende functies. Hoofdstuk 6 gaat in op de relatie tussen woonruimten en religieuze overtuigingen en familietradities. Dit hoofdstuk laat zien dat het huis vaak een plaats was, die de leden van de familie bijeen bracht, om samen te bidden en hun privévieringen te verrichten. Hoofdstuk 7 heeft betrekking op aspecten van voeding, dineren, gezondheid en onderwijs, terwijl hoofdstuk 8 zich richt op meubels en kostuums, die afhankelijk van de sociale status van de huiseigenaren varieerden. Hoofdstuk 9 behandelt huishouden, geslacht, klasse en eigendom. Samen zijn deze vier hoofdstukken belangrijk, omdat door de studie van verschillende bronnen de hoofdstukken aantonen dat huizen zowel een gebouw zijn als een plek voor menselijke bewoning en activiteit. Ze laten ook zien dat de huizen vaak een symbool waren van sociale status, politieke of economische macht en identiteit. Hoofdstuk 10 gaat in op de ontwikkeling van nederzettingen en huizen in Malta, vanuit een Space Syntax perspectief. Het toont aan dat de ontwikkelingen van lokale woningen vaak de wijzigingen weerspiegelt in de lokale samenleving en de manier waarop de huiseigenaren met elkaar communiceren door de tijd heen. Dit hoofdstuk heeft ook aangetoond dat nederzettingen zich niet alleen ontwikkeld hebben naar de politieke aspiraties van het land, maar ook tegemoet komen aan de economische en sociale behoeften van de lokale gemeenschap. Hoofdstuk 11 gaat over de ontwikkeling van de woonruimten op de Maltese eilanden gedurende de laatste vijftig jaar. De veranderingen die zich in de Maltese samenleving tijdens deze periode voordeden hadden ook een onuitwisbare invloed op de Maltese huizen en de configuratie van de woonruimten. Los van het identificeren van de belangrijkste fasen van de lokale stedelijke en landelijke woningen op de Maltese eilanden laat hoofdstuk 12 zien dat veranderingen in de lokale woonruimten vaak werden beïnvloed door bepaalde politieke, sociale en economische situaties. Het toont tevens aan dat de ontwikkeling van woonruimten op Malta en Gozo in zijn algemeenheid werden geassocieerd met veranderingen in de lokale samenleving, in het bijzonder met betrekking tot privacy, klasse en geslacht. Aan het einde van deze studie geeft bijlage 1 een gedetailleerde beschrijving van elk huis, die de auteur bestudeerd heeft, als onderdeel van de Enquête 423

5 inzake historische huizen op Malta. Bijlage 2 bevat een verklarende woordenlijst van de belangrijkste termen die in dit onderzoek gebruikt zijn. Enquête inzake historische huizen op Malta Het eerste deel van dit project wordt gekenmerkt door een aantal huisenquêtes (hierna te noemen de Enquête inzake historische huizen op Malta ), die werden uitgevoerd tussen februari en december De auteur onderzocht verschillende soorten huizen (bijvoorbeeld palazzi, townhouses, stijlwoningen, landelijke huizen en grotwoningen) uit alle districten van de Maltese eilanden. Dit was noodzakelijk om eventuele verschillen in de architectuur van de huizen in verschillende delen van de eilanden op te sporen. Bovendien was het ook essentieel om woningen, die behoren tot verschillende historische perioden, te onderzoeken. Deze onderzoeken beoordeelden de huizen zowel uit een geografisch oogpunt als vanuit een chronologisch perspectief. Door het onderzoeken en bestuderen van verschillende soorten woningen was het mogelijk om een breder beeld van de Maltese samenleving in alle inkomensgroepen te verkrijgen, tijdens de bestudeerde periode. De enquêtes waren zeer schematisch en werden ingeleid door een vier-paginadatablad, dat voorzag in de criteria van wat moest worden onderzocht, gemeten en gepland. Het oorspronkelijke sjabloon van de enquête is naar aanleiding van diverse gesprekken met collega's en deskundigen uit het veld verbeterd en verfijnd. Naast het invullen van deze enquête met de basisgegevens en observaties voor elk huis, zijn er ook diverse foto's genomen. Deze werden vervolgens gedigitaliseerd en gearchiveerd op lokatie, type, data en andere criteria. De verworven data van de huisenquêtes zijn ingevoegd in een database-bestand, met Microsoft Access als platform. Dit faciliteerde zowel het opvragen van informatie als de data-analyse. Door de ter plaatse getekende plattegronden en door middel van het gebruik van Chief Architect software, was het ook mogelijk driedimensionale beelden te vervaardigen, die het gehele huis of specifieke onderdelen kunnen laten zien. 424

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