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1 Cover Page The handle holds various files of this Leiden University dissertation. Author: Tulius, Juniator Title: Family stories : oral tradition, memories of the past, and contemporary conflicts over land in Mentawai - Indonesia Issue Date:

2 Samenvatting Deze studie handelt over orale traditie. In deze studie, besteed ik aandacht aan Mentawaaise familieverhalen gerelateerd aan bepaalde historische gebeurtenissen en sociale vraagstukken. Door middel van beschrijving en analyse van een aantal van deze familieverhalen zal ik antwoord geven op de centrale onderzoeksvraag die ten grondslag ligt aan deze studie: Hoe en op welke manier zijn de Mentawaaise familieverhalen betrokken bij hedendaagse vraagstukken met betrekking tot plaats van herkomst, identiteit en onderhandelingen rondom land en landrechten. Tijdens het veldwerk heb ik tientallen familieverhalen van verschillende Mentawaaise familiegroepen, handelend over de origine en de genealogische en geografische expansie van hun voorouders, verzameld. Middels een literatuurstudie in bibliotheken in Nederland en Indonesië heb ik mij zorgvuldig ingelezen op orale tradities met betrekking tot origine. In hoofdstuk 4 kijk ik naar familieverhalen die beschrijven hoe en waar verschillende familiegroepen zich op de Mentawai eilanden vestigden. Veelal is het zo dat de eigenaren van deze familieverhalen deze eerste vestigingsplaats van hun voorouders ook erken nen als hun eigen plaats van origine, terwijl de grond rondom deze locaties wordt beschouwd als voorouderlijk domein en dus als eigendom. De Mentawaaise familieverhalen vertellen niet alleen over plaats van origine, maar ook over hoe de verschillende vooroudergroepen zich over de Mentawai eilanden begonnen te verspreiden. De verhalen die ik presenteer in de hoofdstukken 5, 6 en 7 zijn afkomstig van familiegroepen die vandaag de dag leven, verspreid over meerdere dorpen op de Mentawai eilanden. Deze familieverhalen presenteren drie verschillende aspecten van de traditionele Mentawaaise cultuur. Een van deze verhalen is het zogenaamde verhaal van de mango (sipeu). Verschillende familiegroepen kennen dit verhaal. Hoofdstuk 5 presenteert de verschillende versies van dit verhaal waardoor duidelijk wordt dat de verschillende familiegroepen een ander idee hebben over wie ver antwoordelijk gehouden zou moeten worden voor het mango-incident dat en-passant beschreven zal worden. Als gevolg van dit incident viel de voor oudergroep uiteen en migreerde naar verschillende regio s op de Mentawai eilanden. Feit blijft dat alle hedendaagse familiegroepen die dit verhaal bezitten de Simatalu vallei nog steeds claimen als hun plaats van origine en voorouderlijk domein. Een tweede verhaal, dat ik beschrijf in hoofdstuk 6, is dat over een dispuut tussen twee familiegroepen over een varken (sakkoko). Ook dit verhaal is in handen van verschillende, genealogisch verwante groepen die zich aanvankelijk tezamen hadden gevestigd in de Simatalu vallei. Naar aanleiding 297

3 Family Stories van de ruzie over het varken vond er een moord plaats waarna een van de rivaliserende familiegroepen de Simatalu vallei verliet, in verschillende subgroepen uiteen viel en zich verder over het eiland Siberut en later ook over de zuidelijke Mentawai eilanden verspreidde. Voor dit familieverhaal rondom het varkensdispuut geldt dat alle verhalen dezelfde voorouder aanwijzen als de veroorzaker van de ruzie, maar dat de verhalen na de separatie duidelijk verschillend zijn. Dit hangt zeker samen met het feit dat de verschillende subgroepen migreerden in verschillende richtingen en zo nieuwe, nog niet eerder geclaimde grond, aan hun bezit konden toevoegen. Het laatste verhaal handelt over een wild zwijn (siberi). Ook dit verhaal behoorde oorspronkelijk tot een familiegroep afkomstig uit de Simatalu vallei. De verschillende versies van het verhaal die ik in hoofdstuk 7 heb opgetekend zijn dus ook afkomstig van hedendaagse familiegroepen wiens voorouders afkomstig zijn uit Simatalu. Het verhaal over het wilde zwijn vertelt over de onsuccesvolle jacht van de clanoudste. Ondanks dat de wilde zwijnen bewusteloos liggen onder een boom slaagt de man er niet in om een van de zwijnen mee naar huis te brengen. Bij thuiskomst tracht hij zijn falen te verbloemen, maar hij wordt herhaaldelijk en aanhoudend bespot door enkele vrouwelijke leden van de clan. Als hij deze kleineringen niet langer kan verdragen verlaat hij met zijn gezin de clan en start zijn omzwervingen over het eiland Siberut. Uiteindelijk komt hij te overlijden in Taileleu. Zijn nakomelingen zijn blijven migreren totdat zij uiteindelijk terecht kwamen op de plaatsen waar zij vandaag de dag nog wonen. De oorspronkelijke familiegroepen migreerden uiteraard niet allen gelijktijdig. Sommige subgroepen vertrokken eerder dan anderen. Juist gedurende deze vroege migratiebewegingen claimden deze vooroudergroepen de grond waarop ze zich voor langere of korte tijd vestigden. Juist door de migratiebewegingen waren de verschillende groepen na verloop van tijd in staat om verschillende stukken land, soms op aanzienlijke afstand van elkaar, als hun eigendom te claimen. Vandaag de dag worden nog slechts enkele stukken grond door deze initiële eigenaars bewoont en bewerkt. Veel land wordt tegenwoordig bewoont en gebruikt door familiegroepen die in een later stadium begonnen te migreren. Echter, al het land, ook dat wat niet bewoont of bewerkt wordt, wordt nog steeds als het eigendom beschouwd van de eerste settelers. Door de vele migratiebewegingen kwamen de verschillende subgroepen ook weer regelmatig met elkaar in contact waardoor soms vijandigheden ontstonden, maar waardoor soms ook weer nieuwe groepen werden gevormd. Om informatie met betrekking tot familiezaken te preserveren dragen de Mentawaiers hun familieverhalen over van de ene generatie op de volgende generatie. Op deze manier zijn vele van deze verhalen goed bewaard gebleven en worden nog zeer intensief gebruikt door de huidige bevolking van de Mentawai eilanden. Slechts een klein aantal leden van een clan worden gezien als 298

4 Samenvatting de verhalenvertellers van de clan. De overige leden van de clan zijn toehoorders en, anders dan de verhalenvertellers, worden zij niet verantwoordelijk gehouden voor het overdragen van de familieverhalen op de volgende generatie. De verhalenvertellers hebben gedegen kennis van de familiegeschiedenis en zij weten precies welke informatie zij bij bepaalde gelegenheden wel en niet openbaar maken. Zij verliezen het belang van de clan in zijn algemeenheid daarbij nooit uit het oog. Zoals besproken in hoofdstuk 8, bezitten de Mentawaaise familieverhalen een aantal karakteristieken waardoor zij een speciaal genre vormen binnen de Mentawaaise orale traditie. Van alle orale overdragingen gaan de Mentawaiers het meest zorgvuldig om met hun familieverhalen. De familieverhalen hebben een duidelijk andere positie binnen de orale traditie van de Mentawaiers dan de mythen en de legendes die ook thuishoren in de Mentawaaise orale traditie. Omdat de Mentawaiers geen geschreven traditie kennen, functioneren de familieverhalen niet alleen als geschiedkundig overzicht, maar dienen zij ook om bepaalde specifieke gebeurtenissen uit het verleden te duiden. Tevens zijn de Mentawaiers afhankelijk van hun familieverhalen voor het definiëren van hun gemeenschappelijke eigendomsrechten (voornamelijk met betrekking tot land) en het vaststellen van relaties tussen van elkaar verwijderde, maar in het verleden aan elkaar verwante familiegroepen. In hoofdstuk 9 onderzoek ik twee essentiële zaken die door middel van de familieverhalen worden overgedragen; de geografische en genealogische expansie van de Mentawaaise familiegroepen en hun claims ten aanzien van voorouderlijke grond. Het zijn vooral de plaatsnamen die in de familieverhalen worden gebruikt die de leidraad vormen voor het achterhalen van de migratiestromen en het opsplitsen van de oorspronkelijke familiegroepen in meerdere kleinere groepen verwanten. Zoals uitgelegd in hoofdstuk 10 worden familieverhalen nog steeds veelvuldig gebruikt in bijeenkomsten waar strijdige claims ten aanzien van voorouderlijke grond opgelost dienen te worden. Dergelijke conflicten ontstaan vooral wanneer twee verschillende groepen verwanten rechten claimen over hetzelfde stuk grond. Om te bepalen welke van de twee rivaliserende groepen nu de recht matige eigenaar is van het betreffende stuk grond, dienen beide groepen hun familieverhalen zo overtuigend mogelijk te vertellen. In een aantal gevallen kan de informatie in de familieverhalen inderdaad gebruikt worden om de rechtmatige eigenaar van de grond vast te stellen. In andere gevallen kan het probleem, ondanks dat de informatie in de familieverhalen soms wel voldoende is, niet worden opgelost, waarna de groepen vaak nog lang met elkaar in conflict blijven. In het afsluitende hoofdstuk, focus ik op de rol die familieverhalen spelen bij het oplossen van sociale conflicten. Het menselijk vermogen zich bepaalde gebeurtenissen uit het verleden te herinneren speelt een belangrijke rol in het bewaren en overdragen van deze gebeurtenissen. De familieverhalen 299

5 Family Stories en de daarin gebruikte historische gebeurtenissen dienen door hun eigenaren zo zorgvuldig en feitelijk mogelijk te worden overgedragen aan de volgende generaties. Dit is vooral belangrijk bij het identificeren van verschillende familiegroepen die middels de familieverhalen terug te traceren zijn tot een gemeenschappelijke vooroudergroep. Met dergelijke informatie kan en mag niet lichtzinnig worden omgesprongen omdat deze belangrijke identiteitskenmerken vormen voor de betrokken groep. De Mentawaaise familieverhalen beschikken over verscheidene kenmerken die hen duidelijk doen verschillen van andere vormen van orale vertellingen. Een familieverhaal vertelt aan de hand van geschiedkundige gebeurtenissen en het strategisch gebruik van plaatsnamen de geschiedenis van een bepaalde familiegroep. Zo vormen de familieverhalen een belangrijk middel aan de hand waarvan bepaalde claims (met name die ten aanzien van voorouderlijke grond) kunnen worden gerechtvaardigd. Tevens zijn de familieverhalen een zeer belangrijke bron van informatie rondom vraagstukken met betrekking tot identiteit. Zo vormen de familieverhalen een verbale afspiegeling van de identiteit van de clan. In het veld van orale traditie kunnen familieverhalen dus worden gezien als een specifiek genre orale vertellingen. Het is naar mijn mening belangrijk om bij het bestuderen van orale vertellingen speciale aandacht te besteden aan familieverhalen, juist omdat zij door de gemeenschappen die de familieverhalen nog veelvuldig gebruiken, als onmisbaar worden beschouwd. 300

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Cover Page. Author: Slieker, Roderick Title: Charting the dynamic methylome across the human lifespan Issue Date:

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De steen die verhalen vertelt.

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