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Cover Page The handle # http://hdl.handle.net/1887/46804 holds various files of this Leiden University dissertation. Author: Kerbert, A.J.C. Title: Risk stratification in cirrhosis and acute-on-chronic liver failure : exploration of invasive and non-invasive prognostic markers Issue Date: 2017-03-15

ELEVEN List of publications List of abbreviations Curriculum Vitae Dankwoord/ acknowledgements

178 Chapter 11

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS 1) Kerbert AJ*, Schaapman JJ*, van der Reijden JJ, et al. Impact of genetic variation in the vasopressin 1a receptor on the development of organ failure in patients admitted for acute decompensation of liver cirrhosis. Eur J Hepatol Gastroenterol 2016; in press. 2) Kerbert AJ*, Chiang FW*, van der Werf M, et al. Hemodynamic response to primary prophylactic therapy with non-selective beta-blockers is related to a reduction of first variceal bleeding risk in liver cirrhosis: a meta-analysis. Eur J Hepatol Gastroenterol 2016; in press. 3) Solà E*, Kerbert AJ*, Coenraad M, Ginès P. Reply to: Are we still searching for the fifth element of MELD? J Hepatol 2017;66:247-248. 4) Solà E*, Kerbert AJ*, Verspaget HW, et al. Plasma copeptin as biomarker of disease progression and prognosis in cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2016;65:914-920. 5) Burgmans MC, Too CW, Fiocco M, Kerbert AJ, et al. Differences in patient characteristics and midterm outcome between Asian and European patients treated with radiofrequency ablation for hepatocellular carcinoma. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2016;39:1708-1715. 6) Kerbert AJ, Weil D, Verspaget HW, et al. Copeptin is an independent prognostic factor for transplant-free survival in cirrhosis. Liver Int 2016;36:530-537. 7) van den Berg MW, Kerbert AJ, van Soest EJ, et al. Safety and efficacy of a fully covered large-diameter self-expanding metal stent for the treatment of gastrointestinal perforations, anastomotic leaks, and fistula. Dis Esophagus 2016;29:572-579. 8) Kerbert AJ, Verbeke L, Chiang FW, et al. Copeptin as an indicator of hemodynamic derangement and prognosis in liver cirrhosis. PLoS One 2015;10:e0138264. *shared first-authorship List of publications 179

180 Chapter 11

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ACLF: acute-on-chronic liver failure AD: acute decompensation of liver cirrhosis AF: alkaline phosphatase AIH: autoimmune hepatitis APACHE: acute physiology, age and chronic health evaluation AVP: arginine vasopressin cacld: compensated advanced chronic liver disease CANONIC: chronic liver failure (CLIF) acute-on-chronic liver failure in cirrhosis CI: confidence interval CLIF-C OF: chronic liver failure-consortium organ failure CLIF-SOFA: chronic liver failure-sequential organ failure assessment CP: child-pugh CRP: c-reactive protein CSPH: clinically significant portal hypertension DBP: diastolic blood pressure EASL-CLIF: European association for the study of the liver chronic liver failure ECM: extra-cellular matrix GFR: glomerular filtration rate HBV: hepatitis B virus HCV: hepatitis C virus HCC: hepatocellular carcinoma HE: hepatic encephalopathy HR: hazard ratio HRS: hepatorenal syndrome HVPG: hepatic venous pressure gradient INR: international normalized ratio IQR: interquartile range LT: liver transplantation LUMC: Leiden University Medical Center MAP: mean arterial blood pressure MBF: mesenteric blood flow MDRD: modification of diet in renal disease MELD: model for end-stage liver disease MELD-Na: model for end-stage liver disease with incorporation of serum sodium NA: not available NAFLD: non-alcoholic fatty liver disease List of abbreviations 181

NSBB: non-selective beta-blocker OR: odds ratio PBC: primary biliary cholangitis PCR: polymerase chain reaction PRA: plasma renin activity PSC: primary sclerosing cholangitis RAAS: renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system RF: renal failure RR: relative risk SBP: spontaneous bacterial peritonitis/ systolic blood pressure SD: standard deviation SHR: sub-hazard ratio SIRS: systemic inflammatory response syndrome SNP: single nucleotide polymorphism TAA: thioacetamide TIPS: transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt TRIPOD: transparent reporting of a multivariable prediction model for individual prognosis or diagnosis V1aR: arginine vasopressin 1a receptor WBC: white blood cell count 182 Chapter 11

CURRICULUM VITAE Annarein Kerbert was born on December 12 th 1991 in Enschede, the Netherlands. In 2010, she finished the Gymnasium at the Twents Carmel College in Oldenzaal and moved to Leiden to study Medicine at Leiden University. When she was exposed to courses on Gastroenterology and Hepatology in the first years of the medical study, her interest in this field began to develop. Therefore, she decided to do a short research internship at the department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology at the Academic Medical Centre in Amsterdam in 2012. In the same year, she got involved in various research projects under supervision of dr. M.J. Coenraad at the department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology at the Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC). In 2014, she went to Singapore for a 4-month period to participate in a research project at the department of Interventional Radiology at the Singapore General Hospital in collaboration with the department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and the department of Radiology at the LUMC. Later that year, she got the opportunity to start a PhD traineeship at the department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology at the LUMC under supervision of prof. dr. B. van Hoek, prof. dr. ir. H.W. Verspaget and dr. M.J. Coenraad. She decided to take this unique and exciting opportunity and put the scheduled clinical rotations, as part of the medical study, temporarily on hold to focus full-time on this research project. From the start of 2016, Annarein returned to medical school by starting the clinical rotations and combined this with finishing her PhD traineeship. This did eventually result in publication of this thesis. The next few years will be dominated by finishing her medical study and defining plans for future research projects in the field of liver cirrhosis under supervision of dr. M.J. Coenraad. Curriculum Vitae 183

DANKWOORD/ ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Dit proefschrift heeft tot stand kunnen komen dankzij de hulp van een geweldig team van mensen om me heen, waarvan ik een aantal in het bijzonder zou willen noemen. Allereerst wil ik alle patiënten bedanken voor hun toestemming en medewerking. Zonder hen zou dit onderzoek niet mogelijk zijn geweest. Uiteraard gaat veel dank uit naar mijn promotores prof. dr. B. van Hoek en prof. dr. ir. H.W. Verspaget en co-promotor dr. M.J. Coenraad. Minneke, jouw enthousiasme en liefde voor het vak hebben ervoor gezorgd dat mijn interesse in wetenschappelijk onderzoek werd gewekt en de voorliefde voor de lever verder is gegroeid. Ik ben je heel dankbaar voor deze kans, het vertrouwen, je onuitputtelijke inzet en intensieve begeleiding in de afgelopen jaren. Hein, veel dank voor de vele waardevolle adviezen, je altijd kritische blik op de data en manuscripten en voor je inzet rondom het logistiek in goede banen leiden van de onderzoeken. Bart, ik heb de afgelopen jaren veel geleerd van je ervaren wetenschappelijke en klinische visie op de data en manuscripten. Veel dank voor de vrijheid die je me hebt gegeven tijdens dit promotietraject. Alle co-auteurs ben ik zeer erkentelijk voor de plezierige en waardevolle samenwerking. Een aantal van hen wil ik hier speciaal noemen. Tony Chiang, dank voor de enorme hoeveelheid werk die je hebt verricht in het kader van de meta-analyse beschreven in hoofdstuk 7. Jelte Schaapman, Lara Verbruggen en Mark van der Werf legden tijdens respectievelijk hun wetenschapsstage en student-assistentschap een basis voor drie hoofdstukken. Heel veel dank voor jullie inzet en goede werk! Collega s uit Leuven, dr. L. Verbeke, prof. dr. F. Nevens en prof. dr. W. Laleman, dank voor de fijne samenwerking met betrekking tot de studie beschreven in hoofdstuk 2. I would like to thank all co-authors for their collaboration and essential input. Particularly dr. T. Thevenot and dr. E. Solà and prof. dr. P. Ginès, your fruitful collaboration with respect to chapters 3 and 4, respectively, was highly appreciated. Dr. E. Reverter and prof. dr. J. Bosch, thank you for your collaboration, ideas and critically reviewing of the data presented in chapter 8. The steering committee and members of the CLIF Consortium are acknowledged for giving us the opportunity to perform two ancillary studies of the CANONIC study, as 184 Chapter 11

presented in chapter 5 and 6. Prof. dr. V. Arroyo, prof. dr. R. Jalan and prof. dr. P. Ginès, thank you for your valuable input as co-authors of these studies. Àlex Amorós, I am very grateful for the huge effort you put into executing our requests for the statistical analyses with respect to these studies. I would like to thank the members of the assessment committee for the effort they put into critically reading and evaluation of this thesis. Alle collega s van de afdeling Maag-, Darm- en Leverziekten wil ik bedanken voor de fijne samenwerking. Eveline, Marij en Wim, dank voor jullie hulp en gezelligheid in het lab. Johan, jou wil ik in het bijzonder bedanken voor je onmisbare hulp bij het uitvoeren van alle copeptine bepalingen en genotyperingen! Mijn kamergenoten in het hok, Sanne, Danny, Claire, Ilse, Marieke, Susan, Madelon, Luuk, Lennart en Mark: mede dankzij jullie was het een onvergetelijke tijd! Bedankt voor de support, gezelligheid en de vele mooie momenten, zowel binnen als buiten het LUMC. Mijn paranimfen, Sanne en Danny; wat hebben we veel lief en leed gedeeld de afgelopen jaren. Heel fijn dat jullie allebei aan mijn zijde willen staan vandaag! Sanne, sinds de start van onze promotietrajecten zijn we zo ongeveer onafscheidelijk geweest. Nu alweer ruim een jaar geleden begonnen we tegelijkertijd aan onze co-schappen, uiteraard in hetzelfde groepje. Heel waardevol om op alle leuke en minder leuke momenten zo n goed vriendinnetje te hebben die aan een half woord genoeg heeft! Danny, ik ben je heel wat dank verschuldigd voor alle hulp die je me geboden hebt de afgelopen jaren: van samples rapen in de vriezer, als vraagbaak op het lab of over Converis, tot helpen met verhuizen; je bent van alle markten thuis en niets is je te veel! Maar minstens zo belangrijk, we hebben vooral ook veel gelachen! Naomi, Natasja en Josine, dank jullie wel voor de support aan het thuisfront in Den Haag. Lieve vriendinnetjes, jaarclubgenootjes en co-groepgenootjes, de afleiding en gezelligheid in de weekenden en tijdens de co-schappen was onmisbaar! Pieternel, Christien en Coentje, jullie zijn van onschatbare waarde, ik ben heel trots! Tot slot, papa en mama, jullie hebben ons altijd gestimuleerd om, net als jullie, datgene te doen waar je hart ligt. Daarbij heeft jullie enthousiasme voor het vak bijgedragen aan mijn keuze om ook Geneeskunde te gaan studeren. Dank voor jullie altijd positieve (en nuchtere) instelling, grenzeloze vertrouwen en onvoorwaardelijk steun! Dankwoord/ acknowledgements 185