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1 Cover Page The handle holds various files of this Leiden University dissertation. Author: Peironcely Miguel, Julio Eduardo Title: Automated de novo metabolite identification with mass spectrometry and cheminformatics Issue Date:

2 175

3 Metabolomics is één van de omics disciplines die gebruikt wordt om biologische systemen beter te begrijpen. Het is uitermate geschikt om variatie op fenotypisch niveau te begrijpen die niet volledig op genetische basis verklaard kan worden. In metabolomics worden metabolieten bestudeerd. Dit zijn kleine moleculen die betrokken zijn bij allerlei metabolische processen. Terwijl genen gedurende de levensduur van een organisme niet significant veranderen, veranderen metabole processen, en de daarbij betrokken metabolieten, continu. Vandaar dat metabolieten ideale markers zijn voor de staat waarin een organisme zich bevindt. Een klassiek voorbeeld van het gebruik van metabolieten binnen biomedisch onderzoek is het vinden van metabolieten die verschillend zijn tussen een groep van zieke en gezonde patiënten. De significante aanwezigheid (of afwezigheid) van een bepaald metaboliet (of een groep van metabolieten) in de zieke groep kan gebruikt worden als indicator, ook wel biomarker genoemd, voor die ziekte. Voordat metabolieten gebruikt kunnen worden om de biologie beter te begrijpen, moet eerst de chemie van metabolieten begrepen worden. Met andere woorden, wat zijn de chemische structuren van de metabolieten die indicatoren zijn voor een bepaalde ziekte? Het beantwoorden van deze vraag is het doel van Metaboliet Identificatie, één van de grootste knelpunten binnen metabolomics, en het doel van dit proefschrift.

4 In dit proefschrift heb ik gewerkt aan het maken van een aaneenschakeling van software tools die het mogelijk maken om chemisch structuren te identificeren van nieuwe metabolieten gevonden in humane monsters waarbij alleen LC- MSn data wordt gebruikt. Identificatie van nieuwe metabolieten wordt een uitdaging als de structuur van de metabolieten niet terug te vinden is in een database of wanneer deze niet vergeleken kunnen worden met de structuren van chemische standaard verbindingen. Vandaar dat de structuur voorspeld moet worden. In Hoofdstuk 2 beschrijf ik de ontwikkeling van de Open Molecule Generator (OMG). OMG is een open- source structuur generator die voor een onbekend metaboliet, gegeven de elementaire compositie, een volledige lijst met mogelijke chemische structuren produceerd. De gebruikte kanonische augmentatie aanpak (origineel binnen de graaftheorie ontwikkeld om grafen te genereren) is daarvoor zodanig aangepast dat alle mogelijke molecuulstructuren zonder duplicaten worden gegenereert. Tevens accepteert de generator als additionele invoer substructuren die de uiteindelijke structuren van de onbekende metabolieten moeten bevatten. OMG genereert miljoenen kandidaat structuren gegeven de elementaire atoomsamenstelling van gangbare humane metabolieten, zelfs wanneer substructuren als additionele invoer worden gebruikt om het aantal mogelijkheden te beperken. Additionele stappen waren nodig om deze lijst met mogelijke structuren te verkleinen zodat uiteindelijk alleen maar een beperkt aantal mogelijke structuren overblijft. 177

5 In Hoofdstuk 3 implementeerde ik een model dat voorspelt in hoeverre een molecuul met een bepaalde chemische structuur lijkt op een metaboliet, de Metabolite- likeness. Met andere woorden, het model bepaalt hoe waarschijnlijk een molecuul een humaan metaboliet is. Twee mogelijke redenen zijn aan te geven betreffende de toepassing van deze tool. Ten eerste, om beter de intrinsieke eigenschappen van humane metabolieten te begrijpen en ten tweede om de Metabolite- likeness te gebruiken als een filter om kandidaat structuren geproduceerd door OMG, die niet op humane metabolieten lijken, te verwijderen. Ik heb daarvoor humane metabolieten uit de Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) vergeleken met niet- metaboliet moleculen uit de ZINC database. Ik heb verschillende klassificatie modellen en chemische descriptoren getest en gezien dat uiteindelijk de combinatie van de Random Forest klassificatie methode met MDL Public Keys descriptoren het beste Metabolite- likeness voorspelden. In Hoofdstuk 4 creëerde ik een metaboliet identificatie pipeline door OMG en Metabolite Likeness te koppelen aan twee, ook op dezelfde afdeling ontwikkelde, tools, de Multistage Elemental Formula (MEF) tool en een algoritme die MSn data met elkaar vergelijkt samen met een energie en een fragmentatie voorspeller filter. Het idee was om een pipeline van tools te hebben die als invoer MSn data van onbekende metabolieten gebruikte om ze vervolgens te identificeren of een kleine lijst met kandidaat structuren te genereren. Deze pipeline werd getest aan de hand van een humaan urine monster waarvoor MSn spectra van 30 onbekende metabolieten was opgenomen. Van deze 30 onbekenden werden er 10 geïdentificeerd doordat hun spectra samenvielen met spectra in een database met 178

6 bekende metabolieten. Voor 3 onbekenden werd een relatief korte lijst met minder dan 8 kandidaat structuren verkregen. Voor 6 andere onbekenden werd een lange lijst met kandidaten verkregen. Ten slotte kon voor de overige 11 onbekenden geen lijst met kandidaten gegenereerd worden. Deze resultaten ondersteunden het idee dat metaboliet identificatie mogelijk is gebruikmakende van alleen MSn data in combinatie met slimme cheminformatica tools, maar dat er nog steeds ruimte voor het aanbrengen van verbeteringen is. Deze verbeteringen werden ingevoerd in Hoofdstuk 5 in de vorm van de Parallel Molecule Generator (PMG). In hoofstuk 4 leerden we dat het verkrijgen van een korte lijst met kandidaten essentieel is om nieuwe metabolieten te identificeren. Dit is de reden waarom wij in PMG meer chemische randvoorwaarden toevoegden, zoals de verwijdering van moleculen die instabiele ringstructuren en ongewenste substructuren bevatten, om de lijst met kandidaat structuren verder te verkleinen. Omdat de berekening van deze additionele randvoorwaarden extra computertijd kost, werd PMG zodanig geïmplementeerd dat het parallel kon draaien in een multi- core omgeving. Deze verbetering resulteerde in een significante afname van de tijd nodig om de kandidaatlijst te genereren. PMG was gemiddeld 100 maal sneller dan OMG voor onbekende metabolieten waarvoor een lijst met substructuren voorhanden was. Kortom, dit proefschrift laat zien dat het succes van de- novo metaboliet identificatie sterk bepaald wordt door een goede synergie tussen de analytische chemische methoden en de cheminformatica tools. Tevens werd gepresenteerd dat als de 179

7 elementaire compositie en bepaalde substructuren van een onbekende metaboliet bekend zijn, het mogelijk is om de hoeveelheid mogelijke structuren voor de onbekende metaboliet te beperken. 180

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