Binnenklimaateisen: waar gaat het binnen Europa naar toe? ir. Atze Boerstra BBA Binnenmilieu www.binnenmilieu.nl IBPSA TVVL TUE 14 september 2006, Eindhoven
Richting ADAPTATIE alias met de buitentemperatuur meeglijdende zomerbinnentemperatuur eisen (voor type alpha gebouwen )
Humphreys (1981) EN ISO 7730
Conclusies Engelse school Temperatuur beleving is een dynamische en niet een statische aangelegenheid Fanger model (PMV - PPD / ISO 7730) is buiten het stookseizoen niet valide in freerunning gebouwen (geen actief koelsysteem, te openen ramen + geen dresscode ) Adaptatie (fysiologisch, psychologisch, gedrag) verklaart dit effect. Denk aan aanpassing kleding, houding, metabolisme, verwachtigingspatroon, vaatverwijdering / vernauwing, zweetproductie.
DIN 1946-1994, Teil 2 Titel: Raumlufttechnik: Gesundheitstechnische Anforderungen
EN ISO 7730: 2005 Titel: Ergonomics of the thermal environment - analytical determination and interpretation of thermal comfort using calculation of the PMV and PPD indices and local thermal comfort criteria Apart hoofdstuk (10) over Adaptation : In warm or cold environments, there can often be an influence due to adaptation. Apart from clothing, other forms of adaptation such as body posture and decreased activity, which are difficult to quantify, can result in the acceptance of higher indoor temperatures.
Annex A, EN ISO 7730:2005 basis-eisen Table 1: Thermal comfort criteria for office spaces in Annex A of ISO 7730-2005 Class Comfort requirements Temperature range PPD PMV Winter(1.0clo/1.2met) Summer(0.5clo/1.2 met) [%] [/] [ C] [ C] A < 6-0.2 < PMV < + 0.2 21-23 23.5-25.5 B < 10-0.5 < PMV < + 0.5 20-24 23.0-26.0 C < 15-0.7 <PMV < + 0.7 19-25 22.0-27.0
Vervolg hfdst. 10 - ISO 7730 Extended acceptable environments may be applied for occupant-controlled, naturally conditioned, spaces in warm climate regions or during warm periods, where the thermal conditions of the space are regulated primairly by the occupants through the opening and closing of windows. In such cases the thermal conditions may be designed for higher PMV values (temperatures) than those given in annex A.
Pr EN 15251 / EPBD bimi norm Titel: Indoor environmental input parameters for design and assessment of energy performance of buildingsaddressing indoor air quality, thermal environment, lighting and acoustics Voor meer info: www.epbd.nl en www.eebd.org EPBD = Energy Performance of Buildings Directive EPBD pakket aan CEN normen bevat 1 norm specifiek over binnenmilieu, met o.a. eisen minimum verse luchttoevoer, installatiegeluid, tochtrisico etcetera
Standaard eisen thermisch binnenklimaat in PrEN 15251 Table 1: Example criteria for PMV-PPD and operative temperature for e.g. office buildings Class Comfort requirements Temperature range PPD PMV Winter(1.0clo/1.2met) Summer(0.5clo/1.2 met) [%] [/] [ C] [ C] A < 6-0.2 < PMV < + 0.2 21-23 23.5-25.5 B < 10-0.5 < PMV < + 0.5 20-24 23.0-26.0 C < 15-0.7 <PMV < + 0.7 19-25 22.0-27.0
Figuur A1 PrEN 15251 (Annex A2) Adaptieve temperatuurgrenswaarden in gebouwen zonder actief koelsysteem 33,0 32,0 31,0 Θ o (ºC) 30,0 29,0 28,0 27,0 26,0 25,0 24,0 III II I 23,0 22,0 I 21,0 II 20,0 III 19,0 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Θ rm (ºC)
X- en Y-as Y-as = Operatieve temperatuur binnen X-as = Outdoor Running Mean Temperature Berekend met de volgende formule: Θ rm = (1- α).{ Θ ed -1 + α. Θ ed -2 + α 2 Θ ed -3..}, waarbij α = 0,8 en Θ ed-1 is daily mean external temperature for the previous day, Θ ed - 2 is daily mean external temperature for the day before etc. Versimpelde versie: Θ rm = 0,2.(Θ ed -1 + 0,8 Θ ed -2 + 0,6 Θ ed -3 + 0,5 Θ ed -4 + 0,4 Θ ed -5 + 0,3 Θ ed -6 + 0,2 Θ ed -7 ) / 3,8
De lijnen Category I ( klasse A ) (10% dissatisfied): bovenlijn: Θ imax = 0,33Θ rm + 18,8 + 2 onderlijn: Θ imin = 0,33 Θ rm + 18,8-2 Category II ( klasse B ) (20% dissatisfied) : bovenlijn: Θ imax = 0,33Θ rm + 18,8 + 3 Θ imin = 0,33 Θ rm + 18,8-3 onderlijn: Category III ( klasse C ) (35% dissatisfied): bovenlijn: Θ imax = 0,33 Θ rm + 18,8 + 4 onderlijn: Θ imin = 0,33 Θ rm + 18,8-4
Verdere toelichting Annex A2 PrEN 15251 Gebaseerd op EU SCATS database (onderzoek 25 kantoorgebouwen over heel EU) die vrijwel zelfde uitkomsten geeft als database DeDear & Brager In stookseizoen gelden zelfde eisen als in type beta gebouwen values annex A2 can be used in spaces with mainly sedentary activities, where there is easy access to operable windows and occupants may freely adapt their clothing to the indoor and/or outdoor thermal conditions There must be no mechanical cooling in operation in the space. Mechanical ventilation with unconditioned air may be utilized, but opening and closing of windows must be of primary importance as a means of regulating thermal conditions in the space.
Verdere toelichting Annex A2 PrEN 15251 There may in addition be other low-energy methods of personally controlling the indoor environment such as fans, shutters, night ventilation etc. The (summer) temperature limits presented in this Annex are primarily based on studies in office buildings. Nevertheless, based on general knowledge on thermal comfort and human responses, the assumption can be made that the limits may apply to other (comparable) buildings with mainly sedentary activities like residential buildings. In landscaped (open plan) offices most occupants have only limited access to operable windows and therefore poor control over natural ventilation. Therefore: the temperature limits presented in this Annex may not always apply in such situations.
Verdere ontwikkelingen 1. Nederland: versie 2.0 ISSO 74 ATG methode 2. Verenigd Koninkrijk: CIBSE guideline Nicols & Humphreys, gebaseerd op EU SCATS database 3. Verenigde Staten: ASHRAE standard 55, gebaseerd op ASHRAE RP 448 database DeDear & Brager
ASHRAE Standard 55: summer design temperatures for occupant controlled buildings 32 50 F 59 F 68 F 77 F 86 F 95 F 30 86.0 F indoor operative temperature ( o C ) 28 26 24 22 20 18 90% acceptability limits 80% acceptability limits 82.4 F 78.8 F 75.2 F 71.6 F 68.0 F 64.4 F 16 60.8 F 14 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 mean monthly outdoor air temperature ( o C) Fig 5.3. Acceptable operative temperature ranges for naturally conditioned spaces
Conclusie: Adaptieve temperatuureisen hebben de toekomst, binnen en buiten Europa, echter: - voor type beta gebouwen wel vasthouden aan horizontale eisen, - productiviteit in alpha gebouwen is nog vraagteken Meer informatie: Atze Boerstra, bba@binnenmilieu.nl of via NEN (zie www.nen.nl)