Evaluating the effectiveness of interventions for the prevention of tuberculosis in a low-incidence setting Erkens, C.G.M.

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1 UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) Evaluating the effectiveness of interventions for the prevention of tuberculosis in a low-incidence setting Erkens, C.G.M. Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Erkens, C. G. M. (2017). Evaluating the effectiveness of interventions for the prevention of tuberculosis in a lowincidence setting General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam ( Download date: 24 Sep 2017

2 List of abbreviations BCG CPT DNA DOT DOTS IGRA LTBI M&E MSI NTR RIVM TB Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (vaccine for tuberculosis) Committee for Practical TB Control Deoxyribonucleic acid Directly Observed Treatment Directly observed treatment, short-course; a TB control strategy recommended by WHO. Interferon Gamma Release Assay Latent tuberculosis infection Monitoring and Evaluation Monitoring of Screening of Immigrants Netherlands Tuberculosis register National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu) Tuberculosis TNF-alfa Tumor necrosis factor alfa TST WHO PMHS Tuberculin Skin Test (Mantoux test) World Health Organization Public Municipal Health Service (Gemeentelijke Gezondheidsdienst (GGD)) ZonMW The Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development (Zorgonderzoek Nederland) 129

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4 Authors contributions 131

5 Chapter 2 Coverage and yield of entry and follow-up screening for tuberculosis among new immigrants Published in European Respiratory Journal 2008; 32: Connie. Erkens(1) performed the statistical analysis, and drafted the manuscript. Erika Slump(1) participated in the collection and cleaning of the data and contributed to drafting of the manuscript. Margreet Kamphorst(2), Sytze Keizer(3), Paul van Gerven(1), and Marcel Berkel(4) participated in the design, helped to draft the manuscript and gave important input on the interpretation of the results in the discussion. Robert Bwire(1) initiated the data collection. Martien Borgdorff(1, 5) conceived of the study, participated in its design and helped to draft the manuscript. Suzanne Verver(1) participated in the design, supervised the data collection, assisted with the statistical analysis and helped to draft the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. AFFILIATIONS 1. KNCV Tuberculosis Foundation, The Hague, 2. Municipal Health Service Rotterdam, Rotterdam, 3. Municipal Health Service Amsterdam, 4. Municipal Health Service Hart voor Brabant, Tilburg, 5. The Netherlands Dept of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Medicine and AIDS, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam. Chapter 3 Added value of interferon gamma release assays for tuberculosis infection screening in the Netherlands Published in International Journal Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 2014; 18(4): Connie Erkens(1) conceived and designed the study, initiated and supervised the data collection, performed the statistical analysis, and drafted the manuscript. Avinash Dinmohamed(1, 10) participated in the collection and cleaning of the data and contributed to drafting of the manuscript. Margreet Kamphorst(2), Sophie Toumanian(3), Roxana van Nispen-Dobrescu(4), Marion Alink(5), Nico Oudshoorn(6), Marlies Mensen(7) participated in the design, contributed to the data collection, helped to draft the manuscript and gave important input on the interpretation of the results in the discussion. Susan van den Hof(1, 8) and Martien Borgdorff (7, 9) assisted with the statistical analysis and helped to draft the manuscript of the study. Suzanne Verver(1, 8) participated in the design, assisted with the statistical analysis and helped to draft the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. AFFILIATIONS 1. KNCV Tuberculosis Foundation, The Hague, Netherlands; 2. Public Health Service Rotterdam Rijnmond, Rotterdam, Netherlands; 3. GGD Twente, Enschede, Netherlands; 132

6 4. GGD Brabant Zuidoost, Eindhoven, Netherlands; 5. GGD Zuid Limburg, Heerlen, Netherlands; 6. GGD Den Haag, Den Haag, Netherlands; 7. Public Health Services Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; 8. Department of Global Health and Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; 9. University of Amsterdam, Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Amsterdam, Netherlands; 10. Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands. Chapter 4 prevention The epidemiology of childhood tuberculosis in the Netherlands: still room for Published in BMC Infectious Diseases 2014; 14:295 Connie Erkens(1) designed the study, performed the statistical analysis, and drafted the manuscript. Sytze Keizer(1, 2) helped to draft the manuscript and gave important input on the interpretation of the results in the discussion. Erika Slump(3) participated in the collection and cleaning of the data and contributed to drafting of the manuscript. Gerard de Vries(1) conceived of the study, participated in its design and helped to draft the manuscript. Susan van den Hof(1, 4) participated in the design, assisted with the statistical analysis and helped to draft the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. AFFILIATIONS 1. KNCV Tuberculosis Foundation, The Hague, The Netherlands 2. Public Health Service of Amsterdam (GGD), Amsterdam, The Netherlands 3. National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Dpt. of Respiratory Epidemiology, Bilthoven, The Netherlands 4. Amsterdam Medical Center, Center for Poverty-Related Communicable Diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Chapter 5 Netherlands Monitoring Latent Tuberculosis Infection diagnosis and management in the Published in European Respiratory Journal 2016; 47(5): Connie Erkens(1) conceived and designed the study, performed the statistical analysis, and drafted the manuscript. Erika Slump(2) participated in the collection and cleaning of the data and contributed to drafting of the manuscript. Maurits Verhagen(3) helped to draft the manuscript and gave important input on the interpretation of the results in the discussion. Henrieke Schimmel(2) participated in the collection and cleaning of the data and contributed to drafting of the manuscript. Gerard de Vries(1) helped to draft the manuscript and gave input on the interpretation of the results in the discussion. Frank Cobelens(1, 4) assisted with the statistical analysis and helped to draft the manuscript. 133

7 Susan van den Hof(1, 4) participated in the design, assisted with the statistical analysis and helped to draft the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. AFFILIATIONS 1. KNCV Tuberculosis Foundation, The Hague, The Netherlands 2. Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands 3. Municipal Public Health Service (GGD) Limburg-Noord, Roermond, The Netherlands 4. Department of Global Health, Academic Medical Center; and Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam The Netherlands Chapter 6 Risk of developing tuberculosis disease among persons diagnosed with latent tuberculosis infection in the Netherlands Published in European Respiratory Journal 2016; 2016 Nov; 48(5): Connie Erkens(1) conceived and designed the study, performed the statistical analysis, and drafted the manuscript. Erika Slump(2) participated in the collection and cleaning of the data and contributed to drafting of the manuscript. Maurits Verhagen(3) helped to draft the manuscript and gave important input on the interpretation of the results in the discussion. Henrieke Schimmel(2) participated in the collection and cleaning of the data, performed the match of the two data bases and contributed to drafting of the manuscript. Frank Cobelens(1, 4) assisted with the statistical analysis and helped to draft the manuscript. Susan van den Hof(1, 4) participated in the design, assisted with the statistical analysis and helped to draft the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. AFFILIATIONS 1. KNCV Tuberculosis Foundation, The Hague, The Netherlands 2. Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands 3. Public Health Service (GGD) Limburg-Noord, Roermond, The Netherlands 4. Department of Global Health, Academic Medical Center; and Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, Amsterdam The Netherlands 134

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10 About the Author 137

11 Curriculum Vitae Name: Date and place of birth: Conrada Gerardina Maria (Connie) Erkens 3 August 1957, Bergen op Zoom Education July 2004 Arts maatschappij en gezondheid, TB control Netherlands School of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam (Netherlands) July 1999 Arts maatschappij en gezondheid Netherlands School of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam (Netherlands) Social medicine and public health July 1996 Master in Public Health Netherlands School of Public Health, Utrecht (Netherlands) August 1986 Diploma in Tropical Medicine Royal Tropical Institute, Amsterdam (Netherlands), National Course on Tropical Medicine and Hygiene August 1983 Medical Doctor University of Leiden, Leiden (Netherlands) medicine Professional Experience July Present KNCV Tuberculosis Foundation, Den Haag (Netherlands) Senior TB consultant Technical areas: Surveillance and epidemiology (Netherlands Tuberculosis Register, Monitoring System of Risk groups (MSR) and DNA-fingerprint and resistance surveillance). Guideline development specific areas (e.g. LTBI-diagnosis and management / contact investigation / risk group management) Childhood TB Secretary of the Central Committee for practical TB control (CPT) January July 2007 Public Municipal Health Services Den Haag, Den Haag (Netherlands) TB control physician Responsible for screening and diagnosis of tuberculosis / latent tuberculosis in risk groups and TB suspects and case management and treatment of identified TB patients and persons with LTBI. September December 2000 Municipal Health Services Amsterdam, Amsterdam (Netherlands) Epidemiologist Project leader Monitoring project Uninsured and undocumented residents Project coordinator Amsterdam Health Monitor January September 1996 Medical services asylum seekers (COA), Leiden (Netherlands) General Medical doctor May August 1994 Likuni Hospital, Likuni (Malawi) General medical officer Responsible for all aspects of clinical care, surgery and organization of PHC program August October 1990 Minga Mission Hospital, Minga (Zambia) General medical officer Responsible for all aspects of clinical care, surgery and organization of PHC Program January1985 December 1985 St. Catharina ziekenhuis Eindhoven Medical intern Surgery April July 1984 St. Elisabeth ziekenhuis Tilburg Medical intern Obstetrics and Gynaecology 138

12 List of peer-reviewed publications Erkens CG, Slump E, Verhagen M, Schimmel H, Cobelens F, van den Hof S. Risk of developing tuberculosis disease among persons diagnosed with latent tuberculosis infection in the Netherlands. [Eur Respir J. 2016, in print]. Blok N, van den Boom M, Erkens C, Dara M, van den Hof S. Variation in policy and practice of adolescent tuberculosis management in the WHO European Region. Eur Respir J Jul 28. pii: ERJ doi: / [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: Erkens CG, Slump E, Verhagen M, Schimmel H, de Vries G, Cobelens F, van den Hof S. Monitoring latent tuberculosis infection diagnosis and management in the Netherlands. Eur Respir J May;47(5): doi: / Epub 2016 Feb 25. PubMed PMID: De Vries G, Gerritsen RF, van Burg JL, Erkens CG, van Hest NA, Schimmel HJ,van Dissel JT. [Tuberculosis among asylum-seekers in the Netherlands: a descriptive study among the two largest groups of asylum-seekers]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2015;160:D51. Dutch. PubMed PMID: Erkens CG, de Vries G, Keizer ST, Slump E, van den Hof S. The epidemiology of childhood tuberculosis in the Netherlands: still room for prevention. BMC Infect Dis May 31;14:295. doi: / PubMed PMID: ; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC Ruesen C, van Gageldonk-Lafeber AB, de Vries G, Erkens CG, van Rest J, Korthals Altes H, de Neeling H, Kamst M, van Soolingen D. Extent and origin of resistance to antituberculosis drugs in the Netherlands, 1993 to Euro Surveill Mar 20;19(11). pii: PubMed PMID: Erkens CG, Dinmohamed AG, Kamphorst M, Toumanian S, van Nispen-Dobrescu R, Alink M, Oudshoorn N, Mensen M, van den Hof S, Borgdorff M, Verver S. Added value of interferongamma release assays in screening for tuberculous infection in the Netherlands. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis Apr;18(4): doi: /ijtld PubMed PMID: Lange C, Abubakar I, Alffenaar JW, Bothamley G, Caminero JA, Carvalho AC, Chang KC, Codecasa L, Correia A, Crudu V, Davies P, Dedicoat M, Drobniewski F, Duarte R, Ehlers C, Erkens C, Goletti D, Günther G, Ibraim E, Kampmann B, Kuksa L, de Lange W, van Leth F, van Lunzen J, Matteelli A, Menzies D, Monedero I, Richter E, Rüsch-Gerdes S, Sandgren A, Scardigli A, Skrahina A, Tortoli E, Volchenkov G, Wagner D, van der Werf MJ, Williams B, Yew WW, Zellweger JP, Cirillo DM; TBNET. Management of patients with multidrug-resistant/extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis in Europe: a TBNET consensus statement. Eur Respir J Jul;44(1): doi: / Epub 2014 Mar 23. PubMed PMID: ; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC Dara M, Acosta CD, Rusovich V, Zellweger JP, Centis R, Migliori GB; WHO EURO Childhood Task Force members. Bacille Calmette-Guérin vaccination: the current situation in Europe. Eur Respir J Jan;43(1): doi: / PubMed PMID: Van der Werf MJ, Erkens C, Gebhard A, Voitzwinkler F, Dara M. First joint meeting of three European tuberculosis networks. Euro Surveill Sep 12;18(37). pii: PubMed PMID: De Beer JL, van Ingen J, de Vries G, Erkens C, Sebek M, Mulder A, Sloot R, van den Brandt AM, Enaimi M, Kremer K, Supply P, van Soolingen D. Comparative study of IS6110 restriction fragment length polymorphism and variable-number tandem-repeat typing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates in the Netherlands, based on a 5-year nationwide survey. J Clin Microbiol Apr;51(4): doi: /JCM Epub 2013 Jan 30. PubMed PMID: ; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC

13 Van Hest R, Ködmön C, Verver S, Erkens CG, Straetemans M, Manissero D, de Vries G. Tuberculosis treatment outcome monitoring in European Union countries: systematic review. Eur Respir J Mar;41(3): doi: / Epub 2012 Jul 12. Review. PubMed PMID: ; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC Korthals Altes H, Kremer K, Erkens C, van Soolingen D, Wallinga J. Tuberculosis seasonality in the Netherlands differs between natives and non-natives: a role for vitamin D deficiency? Int J Tuberc Lung Dis May;16(5): doi: /ijtld Epub 2012 Mar 9. PubMed PMID: Mulder C, van Deutekom H, Huisman EM, Meijer-Veldman W, Erkens CG, van Rest J, Borgdorff MW, van Leth F. Coverage and yield of tuberculosis contact investigations in the Netherlands. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis Dec;15(12): doi: /ijtld PubMed PMID: Mulder C, Erkens CG, Kouw PM, Huisman EM, Meijer-Veldman W, Borgdorff MW, van Leth F. Missed opportunities in tuberculosis control in The Netherlands due to prioritization of contact investigations. Eur J Public Health Apr;22(2): doi: /eurpub/ckr017. Epub 2011 Mar 7. PubMed PMID: Kik SV, Mensen M, Beltman M, Gijsberts M, van Ameijden EJ, Cobelens FG, Erkens C, Borgdorff MW, Verver S. Risk of travelling to the country of origin for tuberculosis among immigrants living in a low-incidence country. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis Jan;15(1): PubMed PMID: Alvarez GG, Gushulak B, Abu Rumman K, Altpeter E, Chemtob D, Douglas P, Erkens C, Helbling P, Hamilton I, Jones J, Matteelli A, Paty MC, Posey DL, Sagebiel D, Slump E, Tegnell A, Valín ER, Winje BA, Ellis E. A comparative examination of tuberculosis immigration medical screening programs from selected countries with high immigration and low tuberculosis incidence rates. BMC Infect Dis Jan 4;11:3. doi: / PubMed PMID: ; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC Erkens CG, Kamphorst M, Abubakar I, Bothamley GH, Chemtob D, Haas W, Migliori GB, Rieder HL, Zellweger JP, Lange C. Tuberculosis contact investigation in low prevalence countries: a European consensus. Eur Respir J Oct;36(4): doi: / PubMed PMID: Solovic I, Sester M, Gomez-Reino JJ, Rieder HL, Ehlers S, Milburn HJ, Kampmann B, Hellmich B, Groves R, Schreiber S, Wallis RS, Sotgiu G, Schölvinck EH, Goletti D, Zellweger JP, Diel R, Carmona L, Bartalesi F, Ravn P, Bossink A, Duarte R, Erkens C, Clark J, Migliori GB, Lange C. The risk of tuberculosis related to tumour necrosis factor antagonist therapies: a TBNET consensus statement. Eur Respir J Nov;36(5): doi: / Epub 2010 Jun 7. PubMed PMID: Borgdorff MW, van den Hof S, Kremer K, Verhagen L, Kalisvaart N, Erkens C, van Soolingen D. Progress towards tuberculosis elimination: secular trend, immigration and transmission. Eur Respir J Aug;36(2): doi: / Epub 2009 Dec 8. PubMed PMID: Kik SV, Franken WP, Mensen M, Cobelens FG, Kamphorst M, Arend SM, Erkens C, Gebhard A, Borgdorff MW, Verver S. Predictive value for progression to tuberculosis by IGRA and TST in immigrant contacts. Eur Respir J Jun;35(6): doi: / Epub 2009 Oct 19. PubMed PMID: Van Leth F, Kalisvaart NA, Erkens CG, Borgdoff MW. Projection of the number of patients with tuberculosis in the Netherlands in Eur J Public Health Aug;19(4): doi: /eurpub/ckp042. Epub 2009 Apr 8. PubMed PMID:

14 Van Leth F, Kalisvaart NA, Erkens CG, Borgdorff MW. [Estimation of the incidence of tuberculosis in The Netherlands in 2030]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd Mar 15;152(11): Dutch. PubMed PMID: Erkens C, Slump E, Kamphorst M, Keizer S, van Gerven PJ, Bwire R, Berkel M, Borgdorff MW, Verver S. Coverage and yield of entry and follow-up screening for tuberculosis among new immigrants. Eur Respir J Jul;32(1): doi: / Epub 2008 Feb 20. PubMed PMID:

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16 Dankwoord 143

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18 Een wetenschappelijke promotie is een ambitieuze onderneming. Ik ben aan begonnen omdat ik toch al bezig was met surveillance en epidemiologisch onderzoek over de Nederlandse tbcbestrijding. Voor mijn artikelen kon ik putten uit het Nederlandse Tuberculose Register (NTR) waar ik zo dicht bovenop zat. Als eerste wil ik daarom de medewerkers en collega s bij de afdeling tbcbestrijding van de GGD en in Nederland bedanken, die niet alleen de gegevens voor het NTR trouw aanleveren en meeschreven aan de artikelen, maar ook met enthousiasme hebben meegewerkt aan het verzamelen van nóg meer gegevens zoals het IGRA project (hoofdstuk 3). Alleen door deze inspanning is dit soort onderzoek mogelijk en staat de Nederlandse tbc-bestrijding wereldwijd zeer hoog aangeschreven. Ik voel het als een eer om een van de penvoerders van dit onderzoek te zijn. Als tweede wil ik KNCV Tuberculosefonds bedanken dat ik de gelegenheid kreeg om een (deel van) mijn werktijd aan deze onderzoeken te besteden en dat zoveel collega s mij daarbij steunden. Vincent Kuyvenhoven haalde mij bij KNCV binnen om het MSI-project over te nemen van Suzanne Verver die net klaar was met haar promotietraject. Ik mocht als eerste auteur de dataverzameling rond de screening van immigranten die zij samen met de GGD en had opgezet analyseren en opschrijven: het was min of meer een gespreid bed. Hierna volgde het IGRA-project: de CPT wilde helderheid over de toegevoegde waarde van deze nieuwe testen voor de Nederlandse tbcbestrijding. Vincent vond bij KNCV een potje om een elektronische dataverzameling binnen Osiris te starten en het onderzoek stond al bijna in de steigers. Suzanne Verver, Marieke van der Werf, Erika Slump, Henrieke Schimmel, Paul van Gerven en Maruschka Sebek jullie werken inmiddels elders of zijn met pensioen, maar jullie steun en hulp was onontbeerlijk. Ik mis jullie nog regelmatig om even mee te sparren. Gelukkig zijn er de collega s van het Team Nederland en Eliminatie Marianne Wieser, Niesje Jansen en Rianne van Hunen, Job van Rest en Gerard de Vries: ook jullie bedankt voor je steun en vooral, jullie collegialiteit en de fijne werkomgeving. Frank Cobelens en Susan van den Hof: jullie waren voor mij de ideale promotor en copromotor. Frank stapte in als promotor toen de eerste drie studies al waren gepubliceerd en ik al redelijk op dreef was. Met zijn kritische opbouwende kritiek wist hij de moed er bij mij in te houden en kon ik weer nieuwe energie te vinden om door te gaan. Susan was altijd zeer toegankelijk als begeleider, maar vooral ook deskundig, meedenkend, secuur en kritisch, dat gaf mij het noodzakelijke vertrouwen in het hele gebeuren. Mijn dank gaat ook uit naar mijn ouders: het warme nest dat zij mij en mijn zussen wisten te geven is bepalend geweest voor wie ik nu ben en wat ik heb kunnen bereiken. Mijn moeder heeft haar dochters doorzettingsvermogen meegegeven met het motto: een vrouw doet niet onder voor een man en moet op eigen benen kunnen staan. Mijn vader bracht ons intellectuele nieuwsgierigheid bij. Ik geloof vast dat hij een beetje trots zou zijn geweest. Bert, Irene, Anna en Koen: jullie vooral bedankt voor wie je bent en de liefde waarmee jullie mij omringen. Zonder deze warme jas was het me nooit gelukt om deze eindstreep te halen. Bedankt ook Irene en Anna voor jullie hulp met de laatste loodjes: Anna maakt het ontwerp voor de omslag en Irene helpt bij de organisatie van de feestelijkheden. Iedereen nogmaals van ganser harte: bedankt! 145

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