Micro-CHP: Overview of Technologies and Markets

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1 Micro-CHP: Overview of Technologies and Markets Eefje Peeters VITO I-SUP, April

2 Micro-CHP: Overview of Technologies and Markets Technologies: Internal combustion engines Microturbines Stirling engines Fuel cells Markets 2

3 Micro-CHP: Internal combustion engines SCHOORSTEEN CHIMNEY (7%) (7%) 50 C TURBO TURBO- COOLING KOELING (3%) (3%) LUCHTINLAAT AIR INLET 30 C 32 C OIL OLIEKOELING COOLING (4%) (4%) 35 C 40 C ROOKGAS- CONDENSOR CONDENSOR (8%) (8%) WATER COOLING 120 C WATER- (24%) 82 C KOELING (24%) 70 C ROOKGAS- COOLER KOELER (18%) (18%) 77 C BRANDSTOF FUEL C ~ 400 V E= 35% MOTOR ENGINE ROOKGASSEN FLUE GASSES 1% STRALING RADIATION 3

4 Micro-CHP: Internal combustion engines Model Power [kwe] Power [kwth] SenerTec Dachs 5,5 12,5 Ecopower 1,3 4,7 4 12,5 EC Power Ecowill 1 3,25 Price: /kwe 4

5 log o n h Tec ie s Micro-CHP: Microturbines High pressure 6 juni 2008 vertrouwelijk 2008, VITO NV alle rechten voorbehouden 5

6 Micro-CHP: Microturbines ,8 Theoretisch (isentrope compressor & turbine) 500 Theoretisch (isentrope compressor & turbine) p L = 1 ηgt 0,6 0,4 Realistischer (adiabatische compressor & turbine) PGT [kj/cyclus] T 1 = 20 T Max = 1300 η isc = 0,85 0,2 100 Realistischer (adiabatische compressor & turbine) η ist = 0, p H p H 0,8 0,7 0,6 Isentrope compressie en expansie 0,5 ηgt 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1 T IT = 900 C Reëele adiabatische compressie en expansie Recuperatorrendement 85% ηis;c = 75% ηis;t = 80% p H 6

7 Micro-CHP: Microturbines Model Power [kw] Electrical efficiency [%] Capstone 28 / 60 / / 28 Elliott/Bowman 35 / 80 / / 30 IR Power Works 70 / / 33 Turbec Price: /kwe 7

8 Micro-CHP: Stirling engines Exists sinds 19th century External combustion engine Closed cycle hot air engine with internal heat exchanger 8

9 Micro-CHP: Stirling engines 1. Electricity 2. Heat elektriciteit secundaire brander Stirling schouw 800ºC primaire brander koelwater 1. Heat 2. Electricity elektriciteit Stirling schouw 800ºC brander koelwater 9

10 Micro-CHP: Stirling engines Efficiency: Almost independent of size Very small engines possible Total efficiency : >90% Electrical efficiency: 10 35% ae/aq variable Power range: 1-60 kwe Investment cost high 10

11 Micro-CHP: Stirling engines Model Power Efficiency Electrical kwe Thermal kwth Electrical Total WhisperGen Maximum 1 5,5 / >90% SOLO % 92-96% Sunmachine 1,5-3 4,5 10, % 90% MTS Bosch - Enatec (Stirling engine) 6 tot 35 (Peak burner) >98% Vaillant, Viessmann, Baxi and Remeha 1 4 to 40 Investment cost: /kwe 11

12 Micro-CHP: Fuel cells In- and outputs of a simple fuel cell system: reactants products fuel hydrogen Oxygen air FUEL CELL electricity heat water 2H 2 + O 2 2H 2 O + electricity + heat 12

13 Micro-CHP: Fuel cells Different types: Load e - AFC H 2 H 2 O PEMFC H 2 DMFC PAFC H 2 CH 3 OH CO 2 MCFC H 2 H 2 O SOFC H 2 H 2 O OH - H + H + H + 2- CO 3 O 2- O 2 70ºC O 2 80ºC H 2 O O 2 80ºC H 2 O O 2 200ºC H 2 O O 2 650ºC O ºC Fuel Oxidant Anode Elektrolyte Cathode 13

14 Micro-CHP: Fuel cells Efficiency: High electrical efficiency possible, even increasing at partial load: 25% 60%??? (high values for high temperature fuel cells) Thermal efficiency: 30% 60% Total efficiency: ~80-85% Power range: few W tot MW DC current: power invertor Investment costs high 14

15 Micro-CHP: Fuel cells 1 5 kwe micro-wkk: Viessman, Vaillant, Buderus, De Diettrich, Sanyo, Toyota, Ebara Ballard, Panasonic, Toshiba,... 15

16 Markets Micro-CHP: Markets Market potential by country uncertain: Dependant of technological and economical evolutions UK: estimates between 1 and 18 million households General barriers: High investment costs Limited product availability Regulatory barriers Uncertainties about consequences for different market actors Field tests are being executed UK, Carbon trust field trials The Netherlands Germany Japan 16

17 Markets Micro-CHP: Markets Carbon trust field trials: Field test with 87 µ-chp units: ICE for small commercial Stirling for domestic Carbon and cost savings better for buildings where they can operate for long and consistent heating Interim Report Carbon Trust, Nov. 2007, Micro-CHP accelerator 17

18 Markets Micro-CHP: Markets The Netherlands: Virtual power plant field test Goal: reduce local peak demand of low-voltage grid High electricity prices: trigger to produce electricity Production only in case of heat demand Significant drop in peak load possible: Summer: 30% Winter: 50% Local VPP-Node Local VPP-Node Local VPP-Node GPRS Wireless Communication... Local VPP-Node Central VPP- Controller GPRS Supplier: ECN Rapport: Aggregatie van micro-wkk s in een virtuele centrale 18

19 Markets Micro-CHP: Markets Large scale stationary fuel cell demonstration project in Japan: Demonstration project with 2187 µ-chp units (SFCs) ( ) Presentation New Energy Foundation, Fuel Cell Seminar, Oct

20 Micro-CHP: Overview of Technologies and Markets Conclusions: Different technologies exist Varying ae/aq Market barriers Field test are going on 20

21 Thank you! Eefje Peeters 21