This report (product) is produced by students of Wageningen University as part of their MSc-programme.

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3 May This report (product) is produced by students of Wageningen University as part of their MSc-programme. It is not an official publication of Wageningen University or Wageningen UR and the content herein does not represent any formal position or representation by Wageningen University. Copyright 2017 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form of by any means, without the prior consent of the authors

4 Summary How to turn a grey and disconnected city into the most edible and green city of Europe? Municipality Hof van Twente and Groene Kennispoort Twente asked a group of WUR master students - us - to address this question. Our purpose is to provide an advice on how to make Goor green and edible, while increasing social cohesion by creating a stronger identity for the city. The idea is to (re)connect the city and its inhabitants with nature. Transforming Goor into a green an edible city has multiple benefits for the environment and the community: enhancing biodiversity and fighting climate change as well as providing healthy food products and fostering a better quality of life. We provide several recommendations on how urban landscape can be improved or transformed into edible green. Often recommendations are customized to a certain location. However, possibly with small alterations, they can still be implemented on other suitable plots. We provide options that are relatively cheap and easily realisable, like planters and insect hotels. We also list options that require more investments and effort besides the need for involving an expert in the realisation process, for instance a food forest, a green roof or a tea garden. For inspiration, some examples of similar ideas are given. The provided plant list is a comprehensible overview of plants that are suitable for growing in the recommended settings. When growing edible green in a city the toxicological risks need to be considered. Potential hazards are identified and guidelines are given that need to be considered when growing food in cities. The main hazard is contaminated soil; therefore, the soil needs to be tested before edible green is grown. Transforming Goor into green and edible city is an exciting goal in itself, but how can the public and other stakeholders be involved? Coordination of existing and new initiatives in Twente, raising public and stakeholder s awareness and supporting inhabitants involvement are essential tools for the success of a green and edible Goor. An important start is to involve those parties into the decision-making process. Involving the public and stakeholders into decision-making can be beneficial as it improves the quality of the decisions made and strengthens the overall relations between the local government and inhabitants. Helpful tools for public involvement are, among others, organising public meetings, creating an advisory committee and conducting surveys. Education is another important aspect to be taken into account, therefore schools are helpful partners. Promotion of growing edible plants in private gardens or community gardens increases inhabitant s participation in a green and edible Goor. Several ideas can be used to make the edible visible, such as an (annual) food market, (guided) tours, a harvest calendar and information signs. A list of stakeholders that can be involved in making Goor edible and green is included. This document can be seen as a guide on how to realise the ambitions of the municipality of Hof van Twente and Groene Kennispoort Twente, backed up by scientific knowledge and our expertise. The municipality Hof van Twente and Groene Kennispoort Twente can use it as a starting point for making the next step towards a green and edible Goor. i

5 Samenvatting Hoe transformeer je een grijze stad in de meest eetbare en groene stad van Europa? Gemeente Hof van Twente en Groene Kennispoort Twente heeft ons, een groep WUR masterstudenten, gevraagd deze vraag te bekijken. Ons doel is het geven van een advies over hoe Goor groener gemaakt kan worden, terwijl sociale cohesie vergroot wordt door het creëren van een sterkere identiteit voor de stad. Het idee is om de stad en haar bewoners weer te verbinden met de natuur. Het transformeren van Goor in een groene en eetbare stad heeft verschillende voordelen voor de omgeving en de gemeenschap: het vergroten van de biodiversiteit, de effecten van klimaatverandering tegengaan, maar ook het verstrekken van gezonde voeding en bevorderen van de kwaliteit van leven. We geven verschillende adviezen over hoe het stedelijk landschap kan worden verbeterd of in een eetbaar landschap kan worden omgezet. Vaak zijn de adviezen afgestemd op een specifieke locatie. Echter, met misschien wat kleine aanpassingen, kunnen ze ook op andere geschikte plots worden toegepast. We geven verschillende opties die relatief laag in kosten zijn en die makkelijk uitgevoerd kunnen worden, zoals het neerzetten van plantenbakken en insectenhotels. Daarnaast zijn er ook opties die meer investeringen vergen en een expert nodig hebben in het uitvoeringsproces, zoals een theetuin, een groen dak of een voedselbos. Ter inspiratie zijn er enkele voorbeelden bijgevoegd. De bijgesloten plantenlijst is een begrijpelijk overzicht van planten die geschikt zijn voor de geadviseerde opties. Het verbouwen van eetbaar groen in de stad brengt toxicologische risico s met zich mee. Daarom zijn potentiële gevaren geïdentificeerd en richtlijnen opgesteld die in acht moeten worden genomen wanneer men eten in een stad verbouwt. Het grootste gevaar is een vervuilde bodem. Daarom moet de bodem eerst worden getest alvorens eetbaar groen aan te planten. Goor in een groene en eetbare stad veranderen is een goed doel op zich, maar hoe kunnen de bewoners en andere belanghebbenden hierbij worden betrokken? Het coördineren van bestaande en nieuwe initiatieven in Goor, de bewustwording van bewoners en belanghebbenden en het ondersteunen van de betrokkenheid van bewoners zijn essentiële hulpmiddelen om een succesvol groen en eetbaar Goor te creëren. Een belangrijk aandachtspunt is om deze partijen te betrekken bij het besluitvormingsproces. Door bewoners en belanghebbenden in het besluitvormingsproces te betrekken kan gunstig zijn omdat het de kwaliteit van de beslissingen vergroot en de relatie tussen de gemeente en haar inwoners versterkt. Hulpmiddelen bij bewonersbetrokkenheid zijn onder andere het organiseren van bijeenkomsten, het oprichten van een adviescommissie en het afnemen van enquêtes. Daarnaast is educatie een belangrijk aspect dat in overweging moet worden genomen, daarom kunnen scholen belangrijke partners zijn. De promotie van het verbouwen van eetbare planten in privétuinen en moestuinen vergroot de participatie in een groen en eetbaar Goor. Verschillende ideeën kunnen worden gebruikt om het eetbare groen zichtbaar te maken zoals een (jaarlijkse) markt, rondleidingen, een oogstkalender en informatieborden. Een lijst van belanghebbenden die kunnen worden betrokken bij de creatie van een groen en eetbaar Goor is bijgevoegd. Dit document kan worden gezien als een handleiding om de ambities van de gemeente Hof van Twente en Groene Kennispoort Twente te realiseren, ondersteund met wetenschappelijke kennis en onze expertise. De gemeente kan het zien als een eerste stap naar een groen en eetbaar Goor. ii

6 Table of content Summary... i Samenvattting... ii Introduction... 3 Problem description... 3 Reading guide... 5 Methodology... 5 Chapter 1 - Description of the area Hof van Twente Goor History and culture Housing and industry Twente Climate Topography and geology Agriculture and land use... 9 Chapter 2 - Green Infrastructures Green infrastructure in cities Urban green spaces Urban grey spaces Brownfield sites Green infrastructure in Goor Chapter 3 - Planting concepts Guilds Food forest Green roofs Vertical garden - green walls and green façades Chapter 4 - Supporting urban wildlife Insect hotels Chapter 5 - Toxicological risks of urban agriculture Chapter 6 Public and stakeholder involvement Public- and stakeholder participation

7 6.2. Advantages of stakeholder- and public involvement Ways to encourage participation by public and stakeholders Requirements for successful public and stakeholder involvement The role of education in creating a shared identity Community Gardens Public Communication: City Branding Chapter 7 - Recommendations Improving green spaces and transforming grey spaces Plentiful planters Thriving trees Insect hotel Tea Hot Spot Apple tree guild Bus Oasis Grotestraat green corner Vertical garden Parks Ponds and watercourses Green roof Car parks Increase awareness and participation Making the edible visible Community gardens Private garden Involving schools (Annual) food market Public Communication: City Branding Public involvement in decision-making and implementation Concluding discussion References Glossary Appendix 1 Plant list Appendix 2 List of stakeholders

8 Introduction Half of the earth's population lives in cities. More and more people want to move to these hubs, where facilities are close and easily accessible (1). To keep cities liveable, they need to be kept attractive, healthy, safe and sustainable. Cities, in general, have a large ecological footprint in terms of energy, material, water and food consumption and land use (2). Working towards sustainable and green cities would mean minimizing that footprint. Also, since facing the effect of climate change is one of the biggest challenges of mankind, striving to transform cities is crucial. The resulting greener and more sustainable urban areas could contribute to the protection of our planet on the long run (2) Improving green infrastructure has several benefits (3). It can lead to a city more resilient to climate change as green areas can retain more water and trap less heat compared to paved surfaces. Furthermore, using edible plants for greening up a city can contribute to food provisioning for the inhabitants (2). In the last few decades, a shift in the understanding of the importance of green cities has started. The idea that nature is submissive to the needs of people is changing towards the idea that nature is important to human and environmental well-being (4). Policy makers begin to understand that cities are not necessarily disconnected from nature, but can be part of it. The concept of green cities incorporates measures for climate adaptation and mitigation, heat stress alleviation, air and water quality improvement, sustainable energy production, cultivation of edible plants within the city (urban agriculture) and urban biodiversity boosting (2). Over the past years, more and more cities have implemented initiatives to become more sustainable and green. An increasing number of Dutch cities acknowledge the importance of green in the city, like Almere, Delft, The Hague, Rotterdam, Arnhem and many more (5) (6) (7) (8) (9). These projects cover a diverse range of initiatives to make cities greener; room for more green areas, vertical gardens and urban agriculture are examples of this. However, not only big cities contribute to this green movement; smaller cities also make new plans. Goor, which is part of Hof van Twente, is one of these ambitious small cities. Many small green initiatives are already running in the city, but most of them are in an early phase or have not launched yet (10). In a transition towards a more sustainable and green city, Goor faces many challenges but has great potential to achieve this goal. Problem description The municipality of Hof van Twente and Groene Kennispoort Twente expressed their desire to transform Goor into ideally the greenest and most edible city in Europe. The municipality experiences a lack of knowledge in two dimensions: the technical and the social dimension. Hence, bridging the knowledge gaps within and between these two aspects is the main interest of the current project, referred to as the Green & Edible Goor project. The municipality of Goor and Groene Kennispoort Twente expressed their concern about the distance between inhabitants and nature and wants to find a way to bring people and the city closer to nature. Food is everywhere and Nature is for free are important mottos that are to be incorporated in Green & Edible Goor. In addition, the municipality speaks of a lack of identity in Goor that needs to be addressed. Technical and social dimensions should be incorporated in a plan to create a green and edible city. Realization of this plan should be the basis for a stronger identity of Goor, with associated community development as a product of implementation. For the municipality, an important aspect to consider is the connection between the city and its region. For example, the bocage landscape (coulissenlandschap) that Twente is famous for, should be repeated in the city centre. 3

9 In terms of technicalities, the municipality expressed its interest in creating and improving the green infrastructure while incorporating an edible character in the city. Practical knowledge on plant choice, planting concepts, plot position and set up, safety, ecosystem services and phased implementation is lacking. From the social dimension, ideally, multiple stakeholders are involved in the implementation and maintenance of this project. Such stakeholders could either boost or slacken the project as they have different perspectives and concerns regarding this project. The municipality and Groene Kennispoort Twente are willing to be the initiators of the implementation but want to involve inhabitants as well. An important factor that has to be taken into account is the assumed resistance of inhabitants towards change, especially when tax money is spent. The municipality is unsure how to successfully involve inhabitants in different aspects of Green & Edible Goor, despite this resistance. In addition, insight in how local producers can contribute to the project is lacking. In order to provide the municipality of Goor and Groene Kennispoort Twente with a complete advice, the following research questions will be answered: 1. Technical dimension: a. Are there practical limits that need to be taken into account? b. Are there toxicological risks that need to be taken into account? c. What green infrastructure already exists in Goor? d. At what location(s) can green spaces be created or altered? e. What type of green infrastructure can be implemented and how would they be used? f. What plants can be used, why and in what arrangement? g. What are the ecosystem services provided by the altered and created green infrastructure? 2. Social dimension: a. What is the historical and cultural background of Goor? b. What is the current motivation of the municipality to improve green infrastructure? c. What is the inhabitants opinion regarding the idea of a green and edible Goor? d. What stakeholders can be involved? e. How can different stakeholders be involved? f. What are the costs and benefits for stakeholders? 4

10 Reading guide This advisory document is divided into two parts. In Part I we provide an overview of the scientific knowledge that is present on improving and creating green infrastructure and involving the public and stakeholders. In Part II we apply the theory from Part I, and give comprehensive and multi-disciplinary recommendations applied to Goor. In the methodology, we describe the methods that were used to come up with a sound advice on Green & Edible Goor. In chapter 1 we give a description of Goor, in geological and cultural sense. In chapter 2 we give a theoretical background on green infrastructure. We explain what green infrastructure is, what green spaces it consists of and why it is important in cities, both for human health and for global warming. We describe to what extent green infrastructure is present in Goor and what it consists of. In chapter 3 we consider different planting concepts that can be used in the city, in order to achieve Green & Edible Goor. We discuss concepts that can use existing green spaces and concepts that can be started from scratch. In chapter 4 we give options on how to support urban wildlife by the creation of insect hotels. In chapter 5 we discuss the toxicological risks of urban agriculture and how to deal with these risks. Guidelines are provided that need to be considered when growing edible green in a city. In chapter 6 we describe the theory of community development through community gardens, and how different stakeholders can be included in such projects. In chapter 7 comprehensive and multi-disciplinary recommendations applied to Goor are provided; the theoretical background is combined with creative ideas. In addition, we discuss how inclusion of certain initiatives and stakeholders can enhance public and stakeholder involvement within these recommendations. Finally, in the concluding discussion we perform a SWOT-analysis which identifies the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of our advice. A glossary is provided on a selection of terms that might require an additional explanation. This can be consulted when one is not familiar with a term. When a term is mentioned for the first time it is in italics. Methodology Theoretical background In this first part, we performed a literature review to support our recommendations. We included a description of the area and cultural heritage of Goor. This description allowed us to include the rural surroundings in our recommendations. We provided a review about features of urban landscape and their opportunities to enhance biodiversity. This information enabled us to make an inventory of the places in Goor that can be improved or transformed. We reviewed various planting concepts transposable to cities to found the best options to grow food on those spaces. We explored possible ways to involve (local) stakeholders and the broader public focusing on different levels of participation. Thanks to that, we selected the most appropriate ways to involve stakeholders and public. Finally, we considered various aspects of community development to facilitate the implementation and maintenance of Green and Edible Goor. Recommendations For our recommendations we got inspired by existing projects on urban agriculture and improvement of green infrastructure in cities. Pictures are included to make descriptions clear and give more inspiration. We integrated the obtained knowledge from the literature review and our expertise to formulate recommendations. 5

11 Green infrastructure in Goor We used the green management plan of the municipality of Hof van Twente for making an inventory of the existing green infrastructure in Goor (11). This document contains the vision on the management of green for the coming ten years in Hof van Twente. It gives valuable information on what the existing green infrastructure consists of and how they are managed. Bas Schuite, the manager of the public spaces in Goor (Openbare Ruimte), was interviewed to explore the possibilities around the idea of making Goor edible and green. In addition, access to the digital management system for public spaces, Observ was granted. This enabled us to identify the green spaces Plant list For the plant list, plants had to fulfil the following criteria (hard criteria): 1) perennial or successful selfseeders, 2) winter-hardy zone 7 (resisting a temperature of C or lower), and 3) The plants preferably have the following characteristics (soft criteria):1) edible, and 2) native to the Netherlands. Poll It is important to obtain knowledge on the support of inhabitants in transforming Goor into a green and edible city. Because of time limitations we decided not to conduct interviews with the inhabitants. However, we wanted to get an impression of the attitude of the inhabitants towards the idea of the municipality. The municipality told us that inhabitants respond well to polls on the website of the local newspaper goorsnieuws.nl. That is why we decided to request the website to post a poll. The question we proposed was: "Ik zou het leuk vinden om groente en fruit te eten dat in de stad groeit." A. Ja, lijkt me lekker. B. Misschien. C. Nee, lijkt me goor. Unfortunately, the poll was not published on the site yet, and we are currently waiting for its publication. 6

12 Part I: Theoretical background Chapter 1 - Description of the area In this chapter, we describe the municipality of Hof van Twente and elaborate on the characteristics of Goor, such as its history and current state. Afterwards we expand our scope to the province of Twente including climatic conditions, geography, characteristic vegetation and land use type of the region. We provide these information in order to highlight the setting in which the Green & Edible Goor project will take place Hof van Twente The city of Goor is located within the municipality Hof van Twente, in the region of Twente. The municipality Hof van Twente was created in 2001, combining the municipalities of Ambt Delden, City of Delden, Diepenheim, Goor and Markelo. These municipalities used to work together in the Samenwerkingsverband (partnership) Hof van Twente (12). The municipality includes multiple towns in Twente, being Bentelo, Delden, Diepenheim, Hengevelde, Markelo and Goor (13) (12) with a total number of inhabitants of about (14). A key word for the municipality is liveability keeping the municipality attractive for all inhabitants (12) Goor Goor is the management centre and central city of the municipality Hof van Twente (15). The city hall is in Goor and Goor has the largest number of inhabitants (about inhabitants of in the entire municipality (14). In 1623, Goor was granted city rights and became the civic centre of Twente. The city got all the rights, like the market right, the right to toll and the right to defend the city (e.g. by building a wall) (16). Goor used to be an individual municipality; this ended in 2001, when the municipality of Hof van Twente was created (12) History and culture A very important aspect of the culture in Twente is noaberschap (neighbourliness) (12). This means that neighbours always help each other and create an as far as possible self-sustaining social cohesion. When the municipality asked inhabitants of Hof van Twente, during special organised meetings and conversations, what terms the inhabitants thought defined their common identity, they listed terms related to noaberschap, for instance strengthening the structure, caring for each other and social cohesion, among others (13). The people in Goor also think that caring for and helping each other is important; for example, when a group of refugees was given shelter in the sports halls of Goor, a lot of inhabitants wanted to help by entertaining the children and teaching Dutch to the refugees (17). Some historical aspects are of great importance for the culture of Goor. The city is famous for its former textile industry; in the 19 th century, the centre of textile industry was replaced from Wallonia to Twente and Noord-Brabant (16). Thomas Ainsworth, an English textile technician, founded the weaving school in 1833, in which the textile workers worked with more efficient techniques than before. Even though the textile industry collapsed and factories were closed, also in Goor, this history is still expressed in the city centre; the monument for Ainsworth is still standing in the old cemetery (16). Another historical aspect of Goor is the river the Regge, which used to flow through the city centre. The municipality has plans to restore the river and let it (partly) flow above-ground again. Furthermore, the city festival Schoolfeest is an important part of the culture of Goor. This is an annual event which started as a party to stimulate going 7

13 to school among children in Since then, the party has grown into a three-day event for all inhabitants of Goor (18) Housing and industry Goor is experiencing a change in age division within the population: the population is aging as younger people are moving away for work or studies, without returning to Goor (13). An explanation for this is that the province has decided that new housing must mainly be built in the larger cities of Twente, although expanding smaller cities like Goor is essential to keep the population from aging too much; new housing is necessary for e.g. employees of new companies (12). The inhabitants of Hof van Twente are mainly native Dutch; only 8% of total inhabitants have an immigration background (19). Most people work in the commercial services, followed by the industry sector and non-commercial services (20). The province only allows small increase in industry in the Hof van Twente; priority is given to the expansion of industry terrains in larger cities. Industrial growth is therefore only focused in the new terrain Zenkeldamshoek near Goor, as the municipality wants to create more terrain for new businesses and expanding businesses (12) Hof van Twente has unity in diversity (eenheid in verscheidenheid) as a key concept within the municipality. This means that all cities and towns in the municipality have their own individual identity, but the fact that the identities are so diverse within the municipality connects them in some way (12). Only Goor is a bit lacking this strong, individual identity; the municipality wants to enhance Goor s identity to increase social cohesion and connectedness within the city Twente Goor is located in the region of Twente, a non-administrative region in the eastern Netherlands (Figure 1). It is the most urbanised part of the province of Overijssel. The region of Twente has approximately 620,000 inhabitants, most of whom live in the three largest cities: Almelo, Hengelo and Enschede, the latter being the capital of the region. Twente comprises of fourteen municipalities: Almelo, Borne, Dinkelland, Enschede, Haaksbergen, Hellendoorn, Hengelo, Hof van Twente, Losser, Oldenzaal, Rijssen-Holten, Tubbergen, Twenterand and Wierden (21) Climate The climate in Twente is humid oceanic (22). It is characterised by mild winters and cool summers. On average, the temperatures vary between 3 C in winter to 17 C in summer (21). Precipitation is spread all over the year with an average of 760 mm per year (range millimetres/year) (Figure 2) (23). Figure 1 - Region of Twente. Image by Janwillemvanaalst An inverse relationship between air temperature and relative humidity is observed showing increased temperature with decreased relative humidity and vice versa (Figure 3) (21). In this way, a peak 8

14 mean temperature is observed in summer (July and August) and the lowest temperatures are found in winter (from December to February). Figure 2 - Annual precipitation for Twente ( ) from KNMI (21) Figure 3 - Mean monthly air temperature and relative humidity ( ) from KNMI (21) 1.7. Topography and geology The region of Twente is predominantly flat. There are four main types of soil in Twente: sandy soil, loamy soil, sandy thick earth soil and peat soil covered by a layer of peat or sand. The upper 40 centimetres of soil mainly constitutes of sand and loamy sand (23). Looking at the surrounding of Goor more carefully, we observe sandy (clay) loam soil on subsoil of sand (24) (25) Agriculture and land use The area is dominated by agriculture within which dairy farming is the most widespread activity (21). The most common land cover is grassland for pasture, which is harvested and fertilized several times in the year. The main crop is corn but other cereals and potatoes can be found as well. A small proportion of inhabitants is working in agricultural services (20). Still, the municipality describes itself as a rural community with agricultural characteristics, but acknowledges that the agricultural sector will shrink in the years to come. Food production will become more intensive and it is estimated that the amount of agricultural companies will decrease by 3% every year (13). This also has effect on the rural area in Hof van Twente; the land used for food production will be increasingly replaced by a landscape designed for recreational activities (13). The scenic landscape, consisting of a mosaic of woodland, pastures, and crop fields, provides opportunities to develop the existing touristic and recreational activities, as this is important in Hof van Twente (12). 9

15 Chapter 2 - Green Infrastructures In this chapter, we introduce and outline the main characteristics of green infrastructures in general and describe potential subclasses of them (green spaces, grey spaces and brownfield sites). We also provide detailed examples for the different elements. Then we specify the network of green spaces of Goor what our project will basically focus on Green infrastructure in cities Urban areas are highly modified and complex landscapes, in which green or open areas are highly valuable for human well-being as well as for wildlife (26) (27). Cities are often considered to be less diverse in terms of habitats and species than their neighbouring rural areas. However, biodiversity can be higher in cities than surrounding rural areas, providing rich and diverse ranges of plants and animals, which often occur as unusual or unique communities (28). Improving the green infrastructure of cities can promote diversity and enhance the abundance of fauna. Plants can help to strengthen a healthy ecosystem by attracting a variety of animals, for instance insects and birds (29). There are ways to help urban wildlife to thrive for example by increasing nesting possibilities, provide feeding sites or increasing volume and density of urban vegetation (30) (for more information see chapter 5). In addition to these benefits for flora and fauna, cities can also provide access to nature (and food) for humans via urban green areas (31). (Re-)Connection with nature has multiple benefits for the environment and the community: enhancing biodiversity and fighting climate change as well as providing economically important goods and fostering a better quality of life (32). Urban areas are often subdivided into urban green spaces, urban grey spaces and brownfield sites. Each of these urban areas provide their own opportunities for biodiversity enhancement (31). The list below gives an overview of where and how biodiversity can be increased in urban areas Urban green spaces Urban green space includes everything in cities that has vegetation. The network encompassing all green spaces in a city is referred to as Green Infrastructure (33). Urban green spaces include planters, parks, street trees, ponds and watercourses, private gardens and community gardens. These green spaces can be used to improve air, water and soil quality, to alleviate floods and to enhance biodiversity. Social benefits such as human well-being, recreation and tourism can also be considered (34). In addition, these spaces can contribute to food production as well. Planters: planters are containers usually filled with flowers or shrubs, but many other examples exist. Depending on their size, shape and location, planters can be used to grow different small plants, from flowers to fruits. They are usually small, very easy to set up, and can be placed almost everywhere. Hanging planters can be installed when space is limited. Since planters usually occupy small areas, they offer limited biodiversity value (31). However, they contribute to the overall green infrastructure, enhance the global aesthetic of the city and therefore contribute to the well-being of its inhabitants (34). Moreover, plants grown in planters can be used as a source of food for the inhabitants and birds, or to attract pollinators such as bees. Parks: parks are managed green areas with a mixture of grass, trees, and other plants such as shrubs and flowers (35). Their uses and design depend on their size, location and existing features. They can be used as recreational areas promoting physical activity and as a meeting place to improve the psychological 10

16 health and wellbeing of inhabitants (34). Parks enhance biodiversity in cities by providing resources and habitats for birds or invertebrates (e.g. insects) (32); (36). Parks also enhance connectivity of urban landscapes acting as stepping stones, which can be used by birds on their travel through urban areas (37). Street trees: street trees are stand-alone trees, often surrounded by paved ground or with a free space as basis (35). They protect from solar radiation by shading, which cools down the city. They take up gases such as carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxide and ozone, capture particulate matter and improve air quality by filtering out pollutant components. Trees also reduce flooding risk by the retention of rainfall (34). Streets with tree lines with sufficient habitat complexity (e.g. understory vegetation) can be used as wildlife corridors to connect the different urban habitats for birds and other animals (30). Street trees can also add an aesthetic, cultural or economic value to the land, for instance by bearing fruits or contributing to higher property values (38) (39). In addition, increasing the number of trees is the most effective longterm strategy to enhance bird diversity in cities and it can compensate for the negative effect of buildings such as heat retention (40). Ponds and watercourses: Ponds and watercourses are open water areas. Ponds are usually shallow with stagnant water whereas watercourses refer to flowing water (35). Both ponds and watercourses provide a source of water for animals, especially birds (31). Native plant species on river banks offer new habitats for local wildlife. Plants around ponds or on the edges of watercourses can improve water quality as well. They can be used as buffer zones to reduce eutrophication risks, taking up nutrients and contaminants (3). The root system of plants on river banks enable the water to infiltrate deep into the soil, preventing flooding and associated socio-economic risks. They can also add recreational and cultural value, by providing a specific landscape for tourism for instance (35). Special care should be taken since ponds and watercourses are very sensitive to invasive species (31). Private gardens: private gardens are personal green spaces. They represent a big proportion of urban green spaces and are usually used as recreational and/or food production areas. No direct transformations can be done on these spaces but eco-friendly gardening methods and implementation of vegetation on balconies can be encouraged to enhance biodiversity in the city (31). While these small areas have limited biodiversity potential, they contribute to the overall well-being of the inhabitants (31). Indeed, some studies showed that seeing and taking care for plants has psychological benefits for people (41). Community gardens: community gardens are plots of land cultivated by multiple people, either collectively or in individual plots. They are recognized to provide several benefits to the local communities, from better nutrition and increased well-being, to enhanced local ecology. In addition, these gardens can promote community connection and cohesion through participation of various stakeholders such as inhabitants and local associations (42) Urban grey spaces Urban grey space refers to the built environment, incorporating buildings, roads, pavements or car parks. These features are seen as a limitation of biodiversity since they occupy potential green space. However, today s technologies allow these grey spaces to actually support biodiversity. Incorporated features such as green roofs, green walls, modified bricks and roof tiles, as well as wildlife overpasses across roads, have the potential to increase biodiversity in the city (31). One possible target for alteration could be car parks. A car park is usually a big grey space with no vegetation that interrupts the connection between the users and nature. Since cars will always be an 11

17 important feature of life in urban areas, parking lots are essential in urban landscapes (43). However, trees can be planted around to create new habitats, support recreational activities and connect green urban parks (3). Another possibility is to turn bus shelters that are also typical urban construction into green by adding diverse plants to their roofs or walls (44) (for further details see technical recommendations chapter 8) Brownfield sites Brownfield site refers to any land that is or was occupied by a permanent infrastructure and is now underused and has potential for development (31). Brownfields can be used to redevelop industrial, commercial, or residential areas that provide economic benefits through taxes and jobs. However, these sites hold enormous potential for greening city environments, through the implementation of parks, playgrounds, trails, greenways, and other open spaces (45). Large plants such as trees can be grown easily due to the space often available. New habitats for birds, mammals, amphibians and insects can be created (45). The infrastructure, or part of it, can be used as covered meeting place, or can be removed to give way to vegetation Green infrastructure in Goor The public green infrastructure of the city of Goor consists of patches of grass (69%), shrubs (17%), ornamental planting (12%), hedges (2%), (street) trees and planters (Figure 4). There are few larger green areas within the defined city centre; there is one park (between Waalstraat and Diepenheimseweg) locally known as the waterhole, a monumental cemetery (at the Laarstraat) and a few playgrounds that are accompanied by patches of grass and shrubs. The green infrastructure is mainly functional and relatively maintenance free. A large part of the green infrastructure constitutes of private gardens (11). Figure 4 - The composition of green areas in Goor as described in the green management plan of the municipality, consisting of ornamental planting, hedges, shrubs, and grass. 12

18 Chapter 3 - Planting concepts In order to transform the existing (green) infrastructure, several planting concepts can be considered. This chapter describes these planting concepts including an explanation of the concept, a description of its features and the ecosystem services provided. The mentioned planting concepts are multi applicable and can thus be used at any suitable and available space Guilds A guild is a mixture of diverse plant species grown around a central plant, forming a balanced miniecosystem that supports the central plant and ensures health and productivity of the system (46). Efficiency of guilds can be maximized and upkeep costs can be minimized by choosing complementary plants suitable for a given tree base that create optimal conditions for other species to flourish (47). It is a common permaculture practice implemented on small scale to plant fruit trees - either in single-standing or in tree-line arrangement - in a guild design to optimize space usage and production of a food garden. Plant species used should have (preferably at least two) different functions, such as provision of mulch, accumulation of nutrients, pollinator attraction or facilitation of pest and diseases resistance (Figure 5) (48). Mulch that plays an important role in retaining moisture, improving fertility of soil, providing habitat for soil organisms or reducing weed growth can be applied in the form of wood barks, shredded leaves or grass clippings, amongst others (49). Natural fertilizers, for instance nitrogen fixing legumes or dynamic accumulators, enhance nutrient cycling by taking up nutrients from deeper layers of the soil and Figure 5 - Schematic representation of a fruit tree guild. Image by ABC acres returning them into the topsoil after dying back. Therefore, planting these kinds of species can increase nutrient availability in the soil. Using flowering plants in the surrounding of fruit trees that blossom at the same time can help in having a better yield by attracting pollinators (50) (51). Growing plants with antifungal properties can be considered in order to have an enhanced resistance against pests. Choosing edible plant species that possess the above-mentioned additional roles would be advantageous and would increase efficiency of a guild (48). Ecosystem services Depending on the type of surrounding plants, a guild can provide several services for our benefit. As the main aim for Goor is to become greener and more edible, essential services provided by the new guilds should be food provision and being a source for aesthetic appreciation, but air quality improvement, carbon sequestration, maintenance of soil fertility or habitat provision could also be included. 13

19 3.2. Food forest A food forest is a concept often used in permaculture, in which all types of vegetation are used for food production, including trees, shrubs, herbaceous plants, ground covering plants and vines (Figure 6). This results in a high yield per square meter. In a food forest, specific layers of vegetation are defined based on height, with the lower layers facing south. Combining these layers enables the gardener to make use of the different properties each layer possesses. Generally, four layers are distinguished, with different sublayers in some of them (Figure 6) (52). Note that not all layers have to be incorporated; if there is limited space available a combination of only two layers is also possible. However, combining all layers will result in the most stable ecosystem. Below, the different layers with their sublayers are described. Figure 6 - The different layers of a food forest: Tree layer, shrub layer, herb and ground layer and vines. Image by Quercusrobur Tree layer Within the tree layer, the tall tree and low tree layer are defined. The first and highest layer is composed of tall trees, reaching a height from 15 meters upward. The tall tree layer is not necessarily producing food, and is often an already existing tree line. The second layer includes lower trees reaching between 4 and 15 meters. The tree layer canopy provides (a limited amount of) shade, stores most of the nitrogen from the soil, it patterns the rainfall and catches the most sunlight. The high exposure to sunlight is why nut and/or fruit trees are suitable for this layer. The low tree layer consists mainly of smaller fruit trees that tolerate some shade. Some of these trees need to grow into the tall tree layer to flourish, also replacing diseased or dead trees (53). Shrub layer The shrub layer consists of shrubs and bushes, together making up a layer ranging from 2 to 4 meters in height. Shrubs are mainly dwarf trees, with bare trunks between 60 and 90 cm (52), while bushes include berries and currants. This layer also contains young trees that will regenerate the tree layer. Bushes are generally sun loving, although some also tolerate semi-shade. The limited height of this layer makes the harvest of any products easy (53). 14

20 Herb and ground layer Herb layer consists of herbs, small shrubs and creeping plants reaching from 15 cm to 2 meters. The ground layer is composed of any plants below 15 cm and also includes the leaf litter or mulch. Plants present in these layers often have an important role in cycling essential nutrients (53). Up to 12 different species can be planted per m 2, contributing enormously to plant and insect diversity. The ground accumulates mulch, fallen twigs and leaves that contribute to the stability of the system (49). Edible parts in these layers are generally leaves and flowers, but also some lower berry shrubs can be found here. In addition, the rhizosphere is located in this layer, meaning the region in the soil that is influenced by substances secreted by the roots of plants (54). This layer contains root vegetables, such as beets and carrots. Vines Vines can grow in any or all the aforementioned layers. Vines use the plants, dead or alive, in the other vegetation layers as structural support. They usually adapt very well to any kind of environment and can easily overgrow the forest, suffocating the supporting plants. The sunlight exposure is an important factor to take into account when choosing vines. Limiting the access of sunlight to vines can reduce their invasiveness, which offers enough space for other plants (53). Vines predominantly yield leafy vegetables and fruits. Ecosystem services The key characteristic of a food forest is the combination of different layers and having this multi layered design has several benefits. Firstly, more layers mean more opportunities for yield (53). Nuts or fruit trees, smaller berry bushes and a range of herbs or small vegetables can be grown on a limited area ensuring high polyculture yield. Secondly, more layers mean more bird species. Since more resources and habitats exist in multi layered forest, there is higher food availability, and more shelter and nesting opportunities for different bird species (36). A similar trend can be observed for insects and other invertebrates. Finally, mixed age stands stabilize the ecosystem. A healthy forest is composed of old and (relatively) young trees. This combination plays an important role in the forest s ability to regenerate itself: younger trees can replace old ones when they die (53). In using predominantly perennials, carbon storage is promoted (55). Figure 7 - A food forest in Portugal. Image by terralta.org 15

21 They store up to 7% of the ecosystems carbon gain (56) and can be a major contributor to litter deposition (57). Relative to their biomass, herbaceous plants contribute enormously to the cycling of essential plant nutrients, because of their fast decomposition and high turnover rate (58). In other words, nutrients are recycled quickly. In this way, a food forest does not only provide food but also has a lot of other services such as nutrient cycling, carbon storage and wildlife habitats. Figure 7 shows an example of what a food forest could look like Green roofs Green roofs are vegetated roofs and can range from ground-covering vegetation to real parks (59). There are many types of green roofs which generally can be divided in three types: extensive, semi-intensive and intensive green roofs (Figure 8). The terms refer to the amount of maintenance and planned usage. An intensive green roof is a complete, landscaped rooftop garden like a park, playground or vegetable garden with different vegetation heights. Intensive green roofs can have multiple purposes and typically require substantial investments in plant care. In addition, they require regular maintenance comparable to an atgrade garden. Extensive green roofs are designed for environmental solutions and require low maintenance. They mainly consist of ground-covering, low plants which generally have shallower soil (59). Semi-intensive green roofs are between extensive and intensive green roofs both regarding costs and maintenances, and purpose. Semi-intensive green roofs combine the environmental and aesthetical benefits. Figure 8 - Example of an intensive (left), semi-intensive (middle), and extensive (right) roof respectively. Photo by Ecosystem services Green roofs provide a wide range of benefits, both for the building itself as for its surrounding environment. Although there are higher costs associated with the initial construction, green roofs can reduce energy consumption and increase building performance (60) (59), provide sound insulation (61), and even prolong the durability of the roof (62). They provide visual relief, enhancing the aesthetics of buildings and can even be used for food production (60). Green roofs improve air quality, participating in CO 2 absorption and filtering dust particles from the atmosphere (63). They help in reducing runoff as well by absorbing rainwater (64) (59). Green roofs can also provide new urban habitat for wildlife, e.g. for birds and for a range of invertebrates - beetles, ants, bugs, flies, bees and spiders amongst others (65) Vertical garden - green walls and green façades Vertical gardens, or in other words vertical greenery systems (VGS), encompass all kinds of vegetated wall surfaces covered with climbing plants rooted in the ground or grown on the wall in modular containers (61). According to the applied growing method, the two main categories arising are called green façades or green walls (Figure 9) (61). Green walls constitute of vegetation, growing medium, irrigation and drainage 16

22 incorporated into a single system. They are comprised of several plant containers on the wall. Green facades, on the other hand are formed by climbing plants rooted in the ground. In case of green façades, climbing plants can attach directly to the surface of the building or to other supporting structures (66). An attractive feature of vertical gardens is that they can be included into the design of new buildings or added to existing buildings and they only require a small surface on the ground. Therefore, applying vertical gardens in thickly built-up urban areas with insufficient space for other types of urban green can contribute to the improvement of environmental, aesthetic and economic conditions of the city (66). Ecosystem services Depending on their complexity, vertical gardens can provide several services. These services include increasing attractiveness of buildings or improving insulation and local air quality by taking up CO 2 and gaseous pollutants (67) (68). Vertical gardens also create cooler microclimates by shading and transpiration, retain rainwater and provide habitats for wildlife (69) (70) (71) (72). An increased longevity of buildings can also result from applying VGS given their surface-protecting property (73) (74). In case of indoor green walls, benefits can be alleviation of sick building syndrome and improvement of workplace productivity and well-being (75) (76). Figure 9 - Green roof and vertical greenery systems (66) 17

23 Chapter 4 - Supporting urban wildlife In this chapter, we describe the importance of pollinators in cities. Firstly, we give an insight of bee behaviour in cities. Then, we focus on insect hotels as a means to host and support pollinators, and we finally discuss the associated ecosystem services. Other forms of wildlife, such as birds, mammals or amphibians, can also play an important role in urban ecosystems but elaborating on their importance is beyond the scope of this report. For detailed description of those species groups, consulting an expert and/or further literature study is recommended Insect hotels Lately there has been lot of public attention for the decline of pollinators since they are crucial for (wild) plant survival (77). About 80% of all plants on earth are dependent on the pollination by bees for their reproduction (78). However, bee mortality has increased in the past years - the annual mortality in winter is 8% higher than average (79) - giving rise to a call for conservation of pollinating insects among scientists (78). The decline of bee populations results in a danger for agriculture; the Netherlands is classified in the second highest class when it comes to vulnerability of the agricultural system due to lack of pollinators. This vulnerability is expressed in a decrease in agricultural yields, failing crops and decrease in the diversity in food species (78). But the bee has a bad reputation among humans and, as humans are also the biggest threat to the existence of bees, the attitude towards these animals needs to be improved in order to save them (80). One of the main causes for bee mortality is the shortage in quality and quantity of habitats for wild bees (78). However, cities can provide opportunities for the conservation of pollinating insects. Additionally, it has been shown that bees, that are the most important group of pollinators, can sustain themselves in urban areas (81). People are familiar with honey bees but often do not know that there are thousands of solitary bee species that also help in pollination (82). Solitary bees are an attractive addition to landscapes since they seldom express aggressive behaviour, only if provoked or entangled in clothing. In addition, solitary bee stings are less painful than that of a honey bee and many species are stingless (82). Most solitary bees, but also other insects, nest in a burrow in the ground, in wood or in plant stems (83). Local factors play an important role in the survival of pollinators, amongst which abundance and diversity of host plants and nest sites are the most important. Improving the green infrastructure in cities can be beneficial for bees and other pollinators. This happens through adjusting the management of green infrastructure towards a more ecological approach (see Chapter 2 Improving existing green infrastructure) and creation of nest sites (insect hotels). Insect hotels mimic the natural nesting sites and can thus function as an alternative to them. Customized insect hotels exist of different sections which can provide shelter to many different kinds of insects. There are many types and different sizes of insect hotels, ranging from a log with holes to large constructions. Bamboo, reed shoots and blocks of wood with holes of different sizes are commonly used structures (Figure 10). Also, transparent walls can be built in to create an educational tool for children (84) (80). The holes are covered with transparent material at one side, on top of this obscuration elements are placed which can be temporarily removed to observe the insects. 18

24 Figure 10 - (Left) There are many types and different sizes of insect hotels, ranging from a log with holes to large constructions. Photo by Shutterstock.com (Right) An example of an insect hotel with information sign. Each section of the insect hotel is designed to attract certain types of beneficial insects. Photo: Sarah Schmidt. Courtesy Brooklyn Botanic Garden. Ecosystem services Facilitating the persistence of different bee species supports the regulating ecosystem service, pollinating. Additionally, cultural services can also be provided that make the implementation of insect hotels a valuable addition to a green and edible Goor. By creating nest sites and improving the green infrastructure, biodiversity and pollination become visible (85). By building an insect hotel with an additional information sign, visitors are made aware of the presence and importance of pollinators and other insects (Figure 10). Furthermore, installing insect hotels with transparent walls can demonstrate the connection between plants and animals where children can safely develop appreciation for insects. This can in addition be linked to school projects (see Chapter 7 Stakeholder involvement). 19

25 Chapter 5 - Toxicological risks of urban agriculture Consuming plants that have been cultivated in the city centre, where cars pass by on an hourly basis, might not seem like the healthiest option. In this chapter, the toxicological risks are discussed, as well as guidelines for safe urban gardening practices. Cities are densely populated areas with extended road networks. Traffic is often heavy and emission of exhaust fumes is relatively high (86). These exhaust fumes contain, amongst others, carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen monoxide (NO), dust, soot and different types of non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC) (87). In addition to these compounds, vehicular emission contains heavy metals (88) (89). Nitrogen and carbon are stored in plants in forms that are harmless for human consumption. The heavy metals, such as arsenic, lead, cadmium and nickel, however, pose a serious health risk if consumed in low to high amounts. In addition to traffic, industrial activity in close proximity of cities can cause topsoil contamination (90) (91). Around Goor, no polluting (metal) industry is present, making exhaust from traffic the main health concern (12). Grown near curb sides, crops are exposed to heavy metals present in exhaust fumes. In addition, plants situated on the platforms of Goor s train station can be exposed to copper particles dispersing from the overhead traction cable (92). Because of this, trace amounts of these heavy metals could end-up inside and on the surface of crops. Questions could be raised whether the consumption of food grown in Goor is safe enough to not cause adverse health effects. Exposure to low levels of cadmium, for example, may result in renal dysfunction, higher levels in obstructive lung disease and bone defects (93). Lead is able to cause defects in the unborn child, kidneys, joints and the reproductive system, and can cause damage to the nervous system (94). Combined, the exposure to heavy metals through consumption of contaminated crops should not be taken lightly. The risk of crops containing trace metals depends on the contamination of the soil they grow in (95). Brownfield sites could be particularly contaminated, depending on the previous purpose of the plot (96). Finding lead and arsenic in these urban soils is not uncommon (97). The concentration of trace amounts in plants depends on species and plant part (98). For example, fruits growing in the same plot as leafy vegetables take up lower amounts of trace metals. Contaminants are more likely to accumulate in the roots of vegetables, rather than in other parts (99) (95). Therefore, root vegetables, such as carrots and beets pose the highest risk. Several studies also reported that the difference in trace amount content between urban-grown and supermarket-bought fruit and vegetables is generally small (98) (100) (101). Some studies found higher concentrations of trace amounts in rurally-grown crops (98). Reason for this could be crop exposure to pesticides and other chemicals and rural traffic in these areas. In addition to the above-mentioned factors that influence trace amounts in crops, also distance to pollution source, such as sewage irrigation, usage of compost and fertilisers (102), polluting industries (103), as well as vegetation barriers between plants and pollution sources and local traffic are relevant (98) (95). Buildings or high vegetation can serve as a physical barrier between roads and crops (104). In short, the risk of trace metal concentrations in crops depends on several factors. In order to implement the recommended concepts of this project in a safe and conscious way, guidelines derived from Finster (2004) could be taken into account (Table 1). 20

26 Table 1 - Recommendations for urban gardeners, derived from Finster (2004) (95). Recommendations for urban gardeners - Plan to locate fruit and vegetable gardens away from buildings, especially if peeling paint is evident and sites where sludge with heavy metals was applied. - Analyse heavy metal concentration in soil samples from areas where vegetable gardens are planned. - If soil contamination is too high, use containers or raised beds, with a semi-permeable barrier between the clean and contaminated soil - Where container or raised bed gardening is not possible, fruiting crops could be grown. - Root vegetables, leafy greens and herbs should not be planted in contaminated soils. - Test new topsoil before using it and annually retest the garden soil to monitor for recontamination. - Do not use plants grown in contaminated soils for compost. - Mulch or a weed tarp can be used in beds to reduce the potential for aerial soil dust deposition or soil splash up on crops. - Ingestion of particles that have precipitated on the surface of fruits can be reduced by washing the crops carefully with a mild detergent. 21

27 Chapter 6 Public and stakeholder involvement For successful implementation of governmental plans, it may be useful to look into how to involve the public and local stakeholders in the process. Involving them will enlarge the public support and therefore smoothen implementation; also, since the municipality wants to create a new identity for the inhabitants of Goor, it makes sense to consult and involve them. First, some theoretical background is provided about public- and stakeholder participation, communication and branding and the use of education and community gardens in achieving public and stakeholder involvement Public- and stakeholder participation One of the things that will be looked into for creating a plan for Goor is how to involve the public and different local stakeholders in the different phases of implementation and maintenance of Goor s project how to support public participation. Participation means that identifiable interests or stakes of (groups of) inhabitants are represented in decision-making processes by one or a few individuals of the different groups (105). Elands & Uwimana (2002) distinguish three incentives why public and stakeholders are involved in these processes: to increase efficiency and public support; to increase the quality of plans and decisions made; and to give inhabitants a say in what happens in their own surroundings (106). Urbanisation causes a disconnection between inhabitants and their local surroundings (107). Inhabitants spend less time within the boundaries of the city and tend to prefer being at home or at remote recreation areas, while also ignoring opportunities to participate in local decision-making to improve their surroundings (107). Research shows that all inhabitant groups (e.g. children, seniors and foreigners) find green local surroundings important and that citizen participation has the potential to contribute to the liveability and the social cohesion of a city (108), so it is worth trying to involve inhabitants. Also, in recent decades, an increasing amount of stakeholder groups (like activists, landowners, tourism industry) have showed desire of getting more involved in the making of management decisions, e.g. when it comes to nature and wildlife (109). Combining these two findings it is assumed that (a part of) the public wants to get involved in governmental decision-making about the natural surroundings but that they should be actively involved in new ways. There is a need for public and stakeholder participation in local government actions; the effectiveness of governmental action is dependent on larger public engagement than is now often happening (110). Research shows that the government should take the first steps to get them involved, though; when the surroundings match the wishes of the inhabitants, the appreciation and support for management increases and the public will get involved automatically (108) Advantages of stakeholder- and public involvement Involving the public and stakeholders in decision-making brings multiple benefits to both the strength of the decisions made and the overall relations between the government and inhabitants (108). The main goal of public participation is to ensure that various interests and values are represented in decisionmaking (105). The first advantage is that it makes decision-makers better informed about public views and new creative solutions, resulting in more integrated decisions (111). This kind of decision-making processes may require judgments and trade-offs of opinions and preferences of those participating (105). Properly considering the differences in opinion may result in an increased public support for governmental decisions (111); e.g. when designing a green area in a neighbourhood, consulting multiple stakeholders and inhabitant groups allows the government/municipality to design this area following these different views (108). When these views are expressed within the city s environment, inhabitants may feel involved seeing their green which results in an increase in shared identity among these inhabitants (108). 22

28 A second advantage of public participation is that it may lead to an increase in substantive quality of decision-making outcomes. Stakeholders and the public may contribute to this quality in three ways: by delivering additional scientific information and knowledge to the process, by being involved in deliberation over issues with technical components, and by joining the discussion about feasibility, effectiveness and costs of decisions (105). A third advantage is that participation can lead to a strengthening of relationships among players in the process. Face-to-face meetings, for instance, can increase understanding among stakeholders by providing space to talk about differences in values and may lead to creative solutions that satisfy (or at least not minimize) all parties interests (105). It contributes to the process of social learning, in which participants learn about each other s stakes and values in a decision-making process (111). Interaction among participants, e.g. inhabitants, increases the social cohesion within a society and, by providing inhabitants a chance to get involved in decision-making processes, creates a mutual trust between inhabitants, stakeholders and the municipality (108). Participation enhances democracy by actively involving inhabitants and stakeholders in governmental action (111) Ways to encourage participation by public and stakeholders The extent to which the advantages of allowing participation are applicable depends on the level on which the public and stakeholders are involved in the process. Arnstein (1969) designed a participation ladder to define this level of participation, distinguishing two levels of non-participation (not enabling people to participate but to educate or inform participants), three levels of tokenism (allow people to hear and have a voice, but without giving them power to ensure that their views will actually be taken into account when decisions are made), a level of partnership (including the public in negotiations and trade-offs) and two levels of citizen power (giving them the majority or all of the seats in decision-making and give full responsibility for the entire process) (112). Beierle & Konisky (2001) describes three different phases in which stakeholders/the public can participate. The first phase is the planning phase. This phase consists of problem definition, a description of environmental conditions in the area and identification of sources of resistance. Also, in this phase a base of experience and research must be provided (109). The second phase is the phase of implementation (105). In this phase, the plans are put into practice. The third phase is the phase of monitoring, in which actions are evaluated and monitored, and actors can be held accountable for the effects of said actions (105) The three phases of Beierle & Konisky (2001) and the participation ladder of Arnstein (1969) are combined to look into ways in which the public and local stakeholders can participate in governmental management of green urban surroundings (105) (112). This is shown in Table 2. 23

29 Table 2 - Level of participation in relation to planning, implementation and monitoring phase of project management Planning phase Implementation phase Monitoring phase Nonparticipation Public meetings: legally required hearings, open to all, to legitimize decisions that are already made (113) - Outsider evaluation: excluding participants in evaluation, to maintain objectivity and increase accuracy of conclusions (114). Tokenism Stakeholder/citizen advisory committees: representatives of local stakeholders and the public appointed to oversee decisionmaking processes and to advise the actual decision-makers (105). Workshops: involving citizens in a task-oriented process, enabling discussion and sharing views, in a given place and time (113). Public opinion surveys: information gathering within a (large) sample of representatives of stakeholders/the public (113). Citizen panels: group of randomly selected citizens paid to work out solutions for given problems with assistance of advisors (115). Partnership Negotiated rule/decisionmaking: small number of representatives of stakeholder groups are involved, consensus is required on specific topics (116). Governance: cooperation between governments, non-governmental and private organisations and the public to solve problems or to create opportunities (117). Participatory evaluation: involving stakeholders in design and implementation of evaluation, increasing the credibility and usefulness by looking at the needs of all participants (114). Citizen power Local green initiatives: citizens taking responsibility (e.g. for their surroundings or mitigating climate change) by organizing a project bottom-up (118). Implementation of green initiatives, e.g. urban agriculture or community gardens (105): pieces of land cultivated by multiple people (42), e.g. by inhabitants. Maintenance, evaluation and monitoring of green initiatives Requirements for successful public and stakeholder involvement There are some things that need to be taken into account when involving stakeholders or the public. Rowe & Frewer (2000) distinguish public acceptance criteria how to make the public accept being involved and good process criteria how to make the process as smooth and efficient as possible. The public acceptance criteria are as follows (116): 24

30 Criterion of representativeness This criterion means that the group of involved stakeholders should give a representative sample of the entire population including the poorer segments of society to avoid creating an elite making decisions with implications for others, and people from other nations. Different viewpoints should be evenly represented as well (116). This may be difficult when responsiveness is limited, for example because people think that it is the job of the government to govern not theirs (111). Criterion of independence When making decisions about management, the managers have to be and seen as independent, without being biased towards a certain outcome of negotiations (116). Criterion of early involvement The public should be involved as soon as possible (113) (116) and when it is reasonable to do so; e.g. not when highly technical things are discussed, but as soon as values are important stakeholders and inhabitants must be involved. Too much involvement, on the other hand, may lead to confusion and hindering of decision-making (116). There is an appropriate level of participation in every case and phase. Also, when participants are involved in an early stage, it is possible for them to bring in their own (local) knowledge (108). Involving participants too late can result in disappointment and a decrease in support, when managers already made their decisions before negotiations even started (111). Criterion of influence When power is not redistributed in participation, it becomes an empty and frustrating process for the powerless (112). Thus, managers should take outcomes of participatory processes into account when making the decisions or when acting. A way to ensure this is by agreeing on beforehand about how this will be done. Criterion of transparency Participants should always be able to see what is going on and how decisions are being made. This can for example be done by informing the public about new plans (116). The process criteria are as follows: Criterion of resource accessibility Participants should all have access to resources, including information, human resources (e.g. access to an expert), materials and time (having sufficient time to make decisions, for example). Criterion of task definition All participants should know what the participation is about think about the scope, expected output and used mechanisms in the process (116). The same goes for the goals of the participation (113). Criterion of cost-effectiveness Participation processes can be very costly and time-consuming (111). Costs, in terms of time and money, should be considered and should be appropriate for the actual action taken. Also, alternatives should be considered to see if these are more cost-effective (116). Criterion of social learning and mutual trust By providing open, constructive discussion it is possible for parties to create understanding for each other s views and to trust each other in the decision-making process or acting. If there is no social learning or trust, projects may fail due to a lack of willingness to cooperate (108). 25

31 6.5. The role of education in creating a shared identity About of the inhabitants of Goor are between the age of 4 and 12 (14); this means that about 10% of the entire population is attending a primary school. To create social cohesion and a new, shared identity of Goor it is preferable to involve as many inhabitants as possible; therefore, it is recommended to involve primary schools in the project as a main stakeholder and partner. They have the possibility to educate students about food production and sustainability. In the last decades, there has been a new trend in primary education: nature and environmental education (natuur- en milieu-educatie (NME) in Dutch). The purpose of this type of education is to positively influence the knowledge, attitude, interest and behaviour of students towards nature and the environment (119) (120). Core values in nature and environmental education are taking responsibility and care for your own environment, creating a sense of justice and stimulating an investigative attitude towards the world (119). Since some of these goals and core values overlap with the core values of the inhabitants of Hof van Twente (as stated by Hof van Twente (2010), like taking care, equality/justice and sustainability), involving primary schools in creating social cohesion in Goor by offering a nature and environment based education program is recommended. To connect this type of education with the green and edible city of Goor, the program should include learning about sustainable food production and the actual production of food within city or school boundaries. Offering this kind of education has a health advantage: research has shown that this has a significant effect on the daily vegetable consumption of both children and adults (121). Also, education about food results in a proven raised awareness among children about food shortages and food waste (122) Community Gardens Community gardens are plots cultivated by multiple people, either collectively or in individual plots (42). Sustainable community gardens are considered as one of the substantial aspects in inhabitant involvement in the creation of green infrastructure (123) (124). Authorities support (e.g. financial, practical) for community gardens is believed to be one of the strategies to maintain the continuity of green infrastructure development (125). Keeping this idea, the voice and interests of the community s members is essential in the development of community gardens and they are valuable inputs in the process of project design and implementation (123). By including the inputs from a wide range of community members in the process, it encourages an extensive support system which could sustain the project on the long run (123). Their participation is also a bottom-up participatory approach that supports a steady involvement system. This participatory approach has been proven to be effective and is able to empower the people, in a sense that it facilitates a common understanding and goal for the people involved (126). Some examples of community garden as part of the green infrastructure of cities are coming from projects in Paris (France), Varaždin (Croatia), and Berlin (Germany): 26

32 Paris (France) - Jardins Partagés On small public plots inside the city of Paris (and in Lille), community gardens jardins partagés in French were set up and are operated by local neighbourhoods since the late nineties (Figure 11). These gardens serve multiple purposes such as supporting education, strengthening social cohesion and improving environmental quality (127) (128) (124). Sharing knowledge and traditions can also take place by including different generations, multiple social backgrounds and diverse cultures in gardening activities. Some Figure 11 - Les jardins partagés, Paris. Image 2017 PARIS.FR gardens encompassing reserved plots for schools serve educational purposes, while others have been planted in public parks to facilitate citizen involvement. Since Paris is densely populated and thickly builtup, these spots can meet numerous citizens needs by providing accessible green spaces to relax and reconnect with nature, apart from being social and cultural hubs. Varaždin (Croatia) Gardens of life The project enables the socially vulnerable inhabitants of Varaždin (including social assistance users, people living in social houses and the unemployed) to grow their own vegetables on public lands located at the outskirt of the city (Figure 12). The goal of the Figure 12 Varaždin, Croatia. Image 2017 WILCO project is to improve life quality by increasing self-esteem of the socially disabled and encouraging them to influence their life circumstances, and to provide some sort of income. An additional aim is to raise awareness on environmental protection and sustainable development, including organic food production that satisfies individual needs, by involving the whole community (129). 27

33 Berlin (Germany) - The Princesses Garden (Prinzessinnengarten) An urban vegetable garden was created from an empty lot of 6000 m² in the heart of Berlin in 2009 (Figure 13). The aim of the project is to change people s mindset about sustainable use of urban spaces. It strives to facilitate cooperation among diverse groups of citizens in order to transform the neighbourhood into a greener place and also to draw attention on climate change and the importance of sustainability. Members of the community can grow vegetables and fruits for own consumption or for sale Figure 13 Prinzessinnengarten, Berlin. Image 2017 Flickr Marco Clausen next to growing crops and planting flowers. Workshops and other activities can be held in the small café-restaurant to enhance education and support discourse about sustainability. Additionally, a social perspective is also considered since job opportunities are created in the field of gardening and farming. An unusual feature of the garden is that everything can be moved as everything is in mobile containers upon needs of participants or in case the city of Berlin wants to use the land for other purposes, therefore, the garden is temporary and can evolve according to demands (129). These three cases present the idea of community gardens as a part of green infrastructure development, in which the input from community members and other inhabitant groups in the city are essential. The gardens provide social benefits especially for vulnerable inhabitants (social assistance users, disabled people, the unemployed, and refugees) that are incorporated with some activities in the gardens. By accommodating specific demands and presenting social benefits, the gardens could gain a steady participatory system that also keeps up the commitment of the community (130) (131). In the city of Goor, community gardens are gaining attention through the Urban Agriculture Foundation Stichting Stadslanbouw Hof van Twente. Seeking to create vegetable gardens in public areas of Twente (132), the foundation already has three community gardens in Goor (133). Because of the secluded location of the community gardens there seems to be little awareness of the existence of these gardens. However, the members are actively promoting and engaging the gardens to the public (10). The community garden is trying to provide social assistances for socially vulnerable inhabitants of Goor. They involve inhabitants who do not have jobs and are not likely to get a job in the near future in the urban farming activities in the gardens (10) Public Communication: City Branding Every city portrays a unique identity, which connects the emotional characteristics (e.g. the culture and history) with the physical characteristics (e.g. monumental buildings and public spaces) of the city (134). This identity can be used for creating the brand of the city; the American Marketing Association in 1960 defined brand as a name, term, design, symbol, or a combination of them, intended to identify a product or service and to differentiate them from others (135). A city is seen as a product that can be sold to people in the same way a car can be sold to someone (136), and the brand is used to do so; the city is sold 28

34 to inhabitants and potential tourists using its unique characteristics and attributes present - which is the brand (137). In recent years, a city brand has become one of the essential aspects to promote a city. The brand, which conveys unique values of the city, can be used on itself to communicate the city s values to the public (138). In this sense, different people might portray different values and receive different messages from the same city brand than others; some of these might be not preferable or intended by the city s authorities or rejected by the public (139). Therefore, there is a need for city s authorities to develop strategies in communicating their preferred values from the city brand, to the public. Kavaratzis defines the communication of the city brand by distinguishing it in three types: primary (the inhabitants experience of the city), secondary (advertising, public relations), and tertiary (word of mouth) (140). In the project of Green & Edible Goor, we recommend using the primary and secondary communication only, since the tertiary communication cannot be controlled by the city s authorities. Additionally, this recommendation may be considered to be incorporated with the branding strategy from the brand department of the municipality of Hof van Twente. Primary communication is a type of communication that relates to a connection between inhabitants and a city based on the communicative effects of a city s design (141). Instead of using the formal communication, it approaches inhabitants through, for example, the city s landscape strategies (urban design, architecture, public spaces, public art, and heritage management), infrastructure projects (projects to improve necessary infrastructure to create or improve a unique character for the city), organizational structures (city s governing structure: organizing marketing, public-private partnership, community development networks, citizens participation) and the city s behaviour (city s vision, strategy, incentives, quality of services, and events organized) (141). The secondary communication is a type of communication strategy that is intentional, with a defined message that has to be communicated, and is expressed using formal communication, such as advertising, public relation, graphic design, and logos (141). 29

35 Part II: Recommendations Chapter 7 - Recommendations In this chapter, several recommendations and options are provided that can be used as good starting point to transform Goor into Green & Edible Goor. Our recommendations range from easy and cheap options to more complex and costly ones. The order in which we are presenting these recommendations can be used as guideline but it is important to keep two things in mind while implementing them. First, the suggested options should always be implemented with taking the wishes and needs of inhabitants into account. Second, the inspection and confirmation of the (technical) feasibility of each options is required before their realisation. For every recommendation, technical options and public and stakeholder involvement options are discussed. First, a general description of the idea is provided. Specific places to realize those recommendations and specific plants are then suggested. Potential ways to involve stakeholders and public are discussed. Finally, similar examples are shown to have a look on what is already existing and to give more inspiration. Additionally, multi applicable stakeholder and public involvement options are discussed. For instance, a technical advice about the installation of insect hotel in parks can also be subject to social recommendations about educational program related to insects. Area outline We mainly focus on the city centre as indicated on the map in Figure 14 for the transformation of the green infrastructure. Figure 14 - Map of the green and grey infrastructure of the city centre of Goor. The black encircled area is the area that is considered for improving the green infrastructure. 30

36 7.1. Improving green spaces and transforming grey spaces De Openbare Ruimte - responsible for the green spaces in Hof van Twente - states that the city centre has a monotone and species-poor green infrastructure (11). For this project, we think that the city centre is a good place to start to make the city greener. A reason to support this argument is that the city centre is the least green area in Goor, so it will also be the area where the changes will be the most visible to the inhabitants. Later on, the recommendations we are providing could be expanded to the broader urban area. To improve the existing green infrastructure towards edible green, we focused on the green spaces that are relatively easy to alter, such as parks, grass patches, tree bases and planters. In this way, we prevent the removal of already existing vegetation. However, when a tree or a bush is too old or unhealthy, we either advise to remove it or to plant supporting plants. When bare soil is visible between existing bushes, we advise to plant another bush species on the free areas. For this project, we are focusing on perennial plants. Even though the general conception is that perennial plants (excluding trees, shrubs and grass) are expensive and labour intensive, this is not the case anymore because of improved methods on maintenance and better knowledge on (new) suitable species (142). This provides new opportunities for the use of green in cities and thus also in Goor. Praktijkonderzoek Plant & Omgeving part of Wageningen UR developed a practical guide Vaste planten in openbaar groen to improve the diversity of the green infrastructure in cities. The guide discusses several aspects of planting perennials in a city: what kind of plants, what is their value, and how to plant and maintain them. This could potentially help De Openbare Ruimte in their desire to improve the green infrastructure towards a more ecological management. The guide is available at: Plentiful planters Let us take an imaginary walk throughout Goor: the first thing you can spot after arrival is the vast amount of flowering plants, fruits and veggies growing on every corner and above your head in hanging baskets. Isn t it fantastic to find nature at unexpected locations in the city, observe pollinators hovering around plants or just picking some berries as you are on your way? By revitalizing planters that are already present and setting up new ones, this vision becomes reality and you can enjoy lushness in an urban context. Planters can be present in several places in the city. For example, in the Grotestraat, mobile planters can be filled with a low shrub encircled by colourful flowers offering a sight for sore eyes. Firstly, the concept of mobile planters in Goor can be expanded, including hanging planters when space is too limited. Plants should be grown with small root systems because of limited space. Secondly, raised beds can be set up where planters can be permanent. Raised beds are connected with the soil enabling roots to grow deeper into it. In this way, plants grown on raised beds easily take up water and therefore need less care. Finally, natural materials should be used, and features with cultural value as structure for planters. 31

37 An unsuccessful attempt Less than 2 years ago, several planters were placed on and around the main square to add vegetation to this place with little green spaces. Planters were relatively small, made of weathering steel, and planted with Prunus lusitanica, an evergreen shrub. The weathering steel retained the heat of sun exposure. The small size of the planters could not provide enough space to retain the water required by the Prunus to grow. In this way, soil in planters dried out, creating a stressful environment for the Prunus. As a consequence, most of the Prunus did not survive and the planters had to be removed (143). In addition, De Openbare Ruimte states that these shrubs had little added value (11). Location in Goor Planters are very easy to set up and can be placed almost everywhere (Figure 15). Therefore, they are suitable for Goor. Specific objects such as wine barrels, beer tanks or old spinning mules can be used as basis to enhance the aesthetics and create a link with the historical and cultural background of the city. Railway stations and bus stops tend to be strategic places to grow plants and involve inhabitants, probably because people have time while waiting for the train or bus. In other places such as schools, police offices and next to the museum, big planters and (raised) beds can be built. Churches as well seem to be an easy place to start growing edible plants (144). Of course, the main street is also a place to favour. Hanging planters can be used everywhere to grow flowers as well as fruits or vegetables, such as strawberries or lettuce. Some even offer the possibility to grow plants in the downward direction (145). Hanging planters can be installed when space is too limited, in streets with little ground space for instance. However, hanging planters are dependent on natural rainfall, therefore plant species should be chosen accordingly. Figure 15 - (Left) Planters with Prunus lusitanica, on the main square. Image 2017 Google. (Right) Planter with a low shrub encircled by colourful flowers, in Grotestraat. Image 2017 Google Recommended plants and their functions We recommend choosing flowers and herbs that can grow in full sun. Plants should not have too big root system to survive in limited space. We advise smelling herbs such as mint (Mentha spp.), lavender (Lavandula officinalis), thyme (Thymus vulgaris), oregano (Origanum vulgare compactum) and anise hyssop (Agastache foeniculum) or colourful flowers in small/mobile planters in the main street. These planters can provide edible and smelling herbs that can be used as spices, and can add aesthetic value when flowering. Non-edible plants, such as lavender, should be used at the train station because of the metal particles releasing from the overhead traction cable. Where more space is available, next to the 32

38 church for instance, permanent (raised) beds can be installed. They provide the opportunity to grow bigger plants such as lovage (Levisticum officinale), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), lavender and lemon balm (Melissa officinalis). These plants can be harvested by the inhabitants or be used as a food source for insects and birds, and once again add aesthetic value. Apple (Malus domestica) or pear trees (Pyrus communis) can be planted as well since they need low management and are attractive for bees. Public & stakeholder involvement Planters are suitable for community gardening projects. A large variety of plants is grown, as wished by the people that care for these planters. In Goor, Scouting Stoevelaargroep Goor (Scouting Association) and Kinderboerderij/speeltuin Het kukelnest (Children Farm/Playground) are involved in educating children on nature and food production. These stakeholders use planters through education programs that focus on food production and security. Children have the opportunity to experience by hands to grow their own vegetables and fruits, and to eat them when the plants are fully grown. Goor Collectief, the entrepreneur association of Goor, is already working on the idea of adopting a planter. The idea is that planters can be 'adopted' by schools to foster education, by entrepreneurs to show their interest in nature conservation, or by other associations. Even some households can 'adopt' their own planters to grow the plants they wish the most". As a consequence, the Municipality can delegate some of their responsibilities to those various stakeholders. Together, they actively participate to the maintenance of planters in Goor. Potential Stakeholders - Scouting Stoevelaargroep Goor (Scouting Association), Kinderboerderij/speeltuin Het kukelnest (Children Farm/Playground), Goor Collectief (entrepreneur association in Goor), Schools. 33

39 Todmorden Todmorden is a small city in north England which chose to focus on edible plants and uses a large variety of planters all around the city. Inside the police station we can find big planters with salad, radishes and chives. Apple trees, rhubarb, oats and blackcurrants are grown in big planters in front of the health centre. On the platforms of the railway station, different kinds of herbs are grown in smaller planters (Figure 16; Figure 17) (144). Figure 16 - Planters in streets of Todmorden, England Incredible Edible Todmorden Figure 17 - (Top) Planters in front of the police station in Todmorden, England. (Bottom) Planters at the train station in Todmorden, England 2017 Incredible Edible Todmorden Thriving trees You are strolling in Goor, and suddenly feel like sitting down on a bench for a few minutes and relax. After finding a suitable spot in the shade of a huge oak tree you look around and realize that all the street trees are surrounded by lavish vegetation. You do not know why but this view immediately gives you the impression of tranquillity, your batteries start to charge. Most trees along streets in Goor are grown in too small areas which limit tree growth. In addition, the trees are likely to elevate the paving which gives a sloppy appearance. The trees next to the square experience stress due to regular festivities that take place (11). We recommend creating small guilds under solitary trees as well as tree lines. Most of those trees are often rounded by paved ground or with a small free area as base. These paved circles can easily be removed and replaced by edible plants. Location in Goor Creating guilds as the basis of trees in Goor could be a suitable and easily implemented solution given that solitary trees - that are potential central plants - are relatively abundant in the city. Solitary trees in Goor 34

40 are mostly honey locust (Gleditsia triacanthos), sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus), American sycamore (Platanus occidentalis), oaks (Quercus spp.) and beech (Fagus sylvatica) (Figure 18) (143). All these species can tolerate less favourable conditions (e.g. wide range of soil ph and moisture, wind exposure or air pollution), therefore, they are suitable for being planted in city streets, given that there is enough space to grow (146). In the strictest sense, these species do not require supporting plants for their survival but creating guilds around them will contribute to the green and edible image of the city of Goor. A more diverse understory vegetation would contribute to improving aesthetic and environmental conditions of Goor since it discourages littering, deposition of dog waste, parking of bikes and diminishes mowing damage (Figure 19) (142). Figure 18 (Left) Line of beech trees along the road, in the city centre. Image 2017 Google. (Right) Standing alone honey locust tree along the road, next to the main square. Image 2017 Google Recommended plants and their functions Shrubs and herbs should be chosen that can grow in semi-shade since the tall trees will cast some amount of shade. Also, planting herbs that improve pest resistance can be beneficial since American sycamore and oaks might be susceptible for insect or fungal infestation (147) (148). For that purpose, growing chives (Allium schoenoprasum), peppermint, and chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) is advised as those antifungal species tolerate partial shade in addition to being dynamic accumulators at the same time (149). It is also recommended to use comfrey (Symphytum uplandicum), which can increase nutrient availability of the soil and it serves as a perfect source of organic mulch as well (48). Additionally, herbs such as mint and oregano can also be planted to attract pollinators. The recommended plants are all edible - except for comfrey - Figure 19 - An example of what the understory of a tree could look like when the recommended suggestion is implemented (142) besides having other functions, therefore, they are a perfect choice for the planned guilds. Furthermore, the group of plant species used can be extended according to the preference of the municipality (see Appendix 1 - Plant list). 35

41 Public & Stakeholders Involvement The Neighbourhood Association could be involved in the installation and maintenance of tree bases in streets. Since some of the trees grow in front of people s houses, the association could help to encourage the residents to take care of those trees. Based on the same idea as for the planters, households could adopt a tree and design its base. The association could also organise a regular contest rewarding the most colourful tree base, the most diverse in terms of plant species, the tree providing the most wildlife habitats, even the most edible tree base. This contest can be linked with the actual Schoolfeest for instance. Potential Stakeholders - Neighbourhood Associations Insect hotel Diverse host plants and nest sites are the most important factor to ensure the survival of pollinators and other insects. Insect hotels can be installed at several places around the city. Choosing different locations enables the mobility of insects around the city, and so, facilitate pollination. Location in Goor Several sites around Goor are suitable for the installation of insect hotels. Parks such as the old cemetery and the waterhole have enough space to comprise a big insect hotel. Green roofs are very suitable places to install insect hotels. Since green roofs are usually not frequented so much by inhabitants they offer a quiet place for insects to live. Private gardens can also support pollinators through creation of small insect hotels. Public & Stakeholders Involvement A helpful tool to start up the promotion of pollinators in Goor can be The European Pollinator Initiative (150). This organisation aims to integrate and coordinate local, national and international activities relating to pollination into a cohesive network to safeguard pollinators services. The Kinderboerderij/speeltuin Het Kukelnest (Children Farm/Playground) could use insect hotels to raise awareness among children on the variety of animals that are living around the plants. In addition, the Groene Kennispoort Twente (Green Knowledge Portal Twente) could help to install insect hotels around the city. Finally, schools can use insect hotels for educational purpose. We can also imagine some school projects in which children are asked to create an insect hotel. Potential Stakeholders - European Pollinator Initiative, Kinderboerderij/speeltuin Het Kukelnest (Children Farm/Playground), Groene Kennispoort Twente (Green Knowledge Portal Twente), Schools Tea Hot Spot Imagine a long day at work. The sun is shining outside, but you are sitting inside behind your desk. How great would it be to enjoy a cup of tea, freshly picked from the garden, and only a two-minute walk away? At the Tea Hot Spot, this treat for people working for and near the municipality is realized. In front of the municipality, tree grass plots are situated. Two of them are vacant, while one has a small playground for children. The plot closest to the municipality building is roughly 50 m2 (Figure 20). On this plot, a tea garden can be realised, with herbs that are suitable for herbal teas. The inclusion of a hot water tap, heated on solar power, makes this the perfect hotspot to enjoy a break with a cup. 36

42 Figure 20 - Picture of a grass plot at De Höfte. Image 2017 Google Figure 21 (Left) graphical representation of the plot, berry rack on the right, two borders; (right) graphical representation of the plot, berry rack on the left, three borders. Figure 21 displays possible set-ups for the Tea Hot Spot. The dark green areas represent the borders that contain the plants. The borders can be placed in various sizes, arrangements and numbers. The pergola with steel mesh is placed to support climbing plants and also creates a windbreak once fully overgrown. Extra benches can be placed to be able to enjoy the Hot Spot with others. Important is the possibility of the plants to be picked easily, to prevent having to step into the borders to reach the plants. A cold-water tap should be installed. Cold water can be used to rinse the freshly picked herbs before use. The washing water can be used to water the plants in the borders, to prevent wastage. In addition, a hot water tap can be present. This allows users of the Hot Spot to exclusively bring their cup. Of course, experts should look into the use of a hot water tap outdoors, and recommend on the output power of the solar panel. Recommended plants and their function Plants in this plot should be suitable for making tea. Such plants include various species of mint, anise hyssop, fennel (Foeniculum officinale), thyme, sage (Salvia officinalis), rosemary, rose (Rosa spp.), oregano, chamomile, field marigold (Calendula officinalis), lemon balm, strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa) (see Appendix 1 - Plant list) (Figure 22). These plants have a great aesthetic value. Many have colourful flowers and attract pollinators. 37

43 The rack that can be placed either at the eastern, western or northern side of the plot, supports climbing plants such as honeysuckle (Lonicera spp.) and various Rubus species. The berries yield soft fruits for playing children to pick and the honeysuckle has great aesthetic value and has a strong, sweet smell. Figure 22 - Suggestions of tea garden with lemon balm, chamomile, anise hyssop, Monarda, catmint, and pineapple sage. Photo from Cindy Apple tree guild The second grass plot closest to the Herman Heijermanstraat (Figure 23) is suitable for the realisation of a guild around an apple tree (or other fruit trees). The plot is approximately 45 m2. Recommended plants and their functions A suitable central tree around which the guild evolves, can be an apple tree because a lot of people recognize it and is a common fruit to eat. Around this tree several edible plants can be planted. Around the tree a ring of spring flowering bulbs and garlic can be added to repel garden pests. Other plants can compost the soil, such as nasturtium (Tropaeolum nanum) and comfrey. Additionally, the guild contains herbs such as parsley, sage, rosemary Figure 23 - Grass plot closest to Herman Heijermanstraat. Image and thyme (Simon & Garfunkel, 1966) to attract 2017 Google pollinators. Soft fruits like blueberry (Vaccinium myrthillus) and strawberry are added to attract human and bird foraging. More plants and flowers can be added as desired (see Appendix 1 - Plant list). Public and Stakeholders Involvement Since the Tea Hot Spot is available for public, the inhabitants of Goor can easily come together with their families and friends to enjoy fresh tea from the garden and an apple from the close tree. The garden could be a new spot to gather as it is located in the city center and accessible for everyone. Furthermore, it has different and unique concept which could attract tourist to come to Goor. Stichting stadslandbouw Hof van Twente (Urban Agriculture Foundation) who has been involved in urban agricultural activities and is seeking for new green public places, can be incorporated in the planning for maintenance. They have valuable inputs based on their knowledge and hands-on experience. Potential Stakeholders - Stichting stadslandbouw Hof van Twente (Urban Agriculture Foundation) 38

44 Kansas City In Kansas City (and in much of the Midwest part of USA), black walnut (Juglans nigra) trees are relatively abundant (Figure 24). This species produces a substance called juglone, which inhibits the growth of several other species. Therefore, careful planning of plant choice is necessary in order to create a wellfunctioning guild around the trees (Figure 25). At a site of 18.5 acre at the Daniel Academy several black walnut guilds were set up, specifically designed to suit the typical climate conditions of Kansas (midwest of North America). However, adaptation of those guilds can be used in other regions as well (151). Figure 24 - Walnut guilt. Image from PICA Newsletter Figure 25 - Suggestion of plant choice for a well-functioning guild around walnut tree. Image from PermacultureKC Bus Oasis An ordinary day starts and you are in a hurry again to get to the workplace on time. Although you do not like the morning hustle and bustle, you are looking forward to what the day will bring. Of course, the bus leaves just when you arrive to the bus stop so you have a good reason to fume. Trying to calm your nerves, you head towards the bus shelter to take a seat. This is the moment when you notice that the dull, grey bus shelter turned into a densely vegetated small oasis. Your annoyance just disappears and the time you have to wait for the next bus passes without even noticing it. As bus stops are characteristic features of a city and are found throughout Goor, they can be used effectively in greening up the city. It is relatively easy to turn those bus shelters into green by using the walls and the roof for planting. The design can range from simple to more complex in terms of species composition (one or more species) or structure (e.g. whether irrigation system and soil included). This way, the amount of urban green spaces is increased and bus shelters serve as linkers - for example as stepping stones for birds or insects - between distinct green areas in the city. In the meantime, inhabitants enjoy a green surrounding while waiting for their means of transportation. 39

45 Figure 26 - Bus stop at the Herman Heijermanstraat that can be transformed into a green bus stop. Image 2017 Google Location in Goor To start with, bus stops around the old cemetery can be transformed - at Herman Heijermanstraat or Laarstraat (Figure 26). Given their central location, they become immediately visible for a big part of inhabitants. Later, all bus stops can be transformed into Bus Oasis. Recommended plants and their functions Several species are used ranging from grass in a homogenous layer to diverse herbaceous plants or vines climbing a steel mesh. The species composition can be similar to that of vertical gardens, including plants like common ivy (Hedera helix) and ferns. Possible functions are improving air quality, retaining some amount of rainwater or serving as stepping stones for animals, amongst others. Eindhoven green bus shelter In Eindhoven, we can found a bus shelter comprised of a vertical garden. A variety of plants are grown inside metal planters. When flowering, those plants create a diverse and colourful wall, an interesting environment to wait for the bus (Figure 27). Figure 27 - Green bus shelter in Eindhoven. Photo by ANA LISA Grotestraat green corner You know the centre and especially the Grotestraat like the back of your hand. You crossed it so many times in your life and you just use this way to get where you want to go. Consequently, it does not draw your attention anymore. However, this day is different. You spot a new green corner next to the building of the municipality. The pleasant smell and vibrant colours of newly planted flowerbeds make you slow down your steps and invites you to spend some time in this vegetated island. 40

46 Location in Goor The green corner is located next to the Municipality in the Grotestraat, the main street of Goor (Figure 28). It contains few green elements and mosaic benches that were recently installed. We advise to create Figure 28 (Left) Square next to the Municipality in the Grotestraat. Image 2017 Google. (Right) Graphical representation of the green corner a green corner to improve the appreciation of this small square. One scenario could be the installation of a wooden single pergola overgrown with vines. Some of the porches could be closed, while others stay open to keep a natural walkway. The vegetation provided by the green corner would cool down the square and offer a small protection against the wind. It would add a green element to a predominantly grey street. The clearest part of bitumen could be removed and replaced by grass. Small walking paths made of tiny red or white gravels (matching with the colours of Goor s flag and the colours of the municipality) could cross the square and merge together around the existing sculpture. Flowerbeds can also be planted in between the paths and surrounded by small wood edges. Since the square is located very close to the municipality, it might be possible to have original annual plants demanding more care. The vegetation in the square can be mix of colourful and aromatic plants. This green corner would invite people to meet each other at the square while appreciating its smells and colours. Recommended plants and their functions Considering the fact that the square faces the south, sun-loving plants are advised. We advise to use hop (Humulus lupulus) as a vine. Hop is a plant often used in the beer process. Its cultivation could link the existing brewery in Goor to the city centre. The hop grown in the city could be used to make a special beer every year. Moreover, hops have great smell and aesthetic value (Figure 29). Additionally, it is recognized to attract wildlife. Figure 29 - Flowering hops supported by poll. Image 2017 The Tree Center Furthermore, an evergreen climbing plant should be used on the pergola to keep the square green in winter as well. A great option for this is Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica). Honeysuckle is known for its beautiful flowers and sweet smell. 41

47 For the small guilds around the trees, low, bright flowering plants are recommended. This could include field marigold, nasturtium, corn salad (Valerianella locusta), and other self-seeders Vertical garden Does it cross your mind sometime how pleasant it could be to have more green in your surroundings? You might already have thought about it but did not see the way how it could be realized given the lack of space for flowerbeds in your city. No need to worry since creating vegetated vertical surfaces can be a good solution. Just imagine walls covered by diverse plant species that enable you to care about your environment, help reducing energy costs of your house and connect you to nature at the same time. And keep in mind, you do not even have to have vast amounts of space to get all these beneficial features all in one. Vertical gardens cannot be installed at any location. We recommend creating green walls and facades on walls facing the sun and where enough space is available next to the building. In this way, the sunlight can reach the plants grown on the wall and the access around the building is not perturbed. Location in Goor The municipality could take both an initiating and a supporting role. We recommend installing vertical gardens on facades of buildings that are property of the municipality in a first phase. According to the funding, green walls or green facades can be installed. For a green facade, one scenario would be to install a mesh along the wall in order to support plants growing from the ground. Because of time issues, we will not give advice on potential locations for green walls and facades. However, given the extensive grey infrastructure and the limited space for creating green areas in Goor, constructing vertical gardens could be a cost-effective and wise action to take in order to support the green aspirations of the city. We recommend the municipality to subsidies the installation of any vertical garden in a second phase. The sum of money subsidized can be decided according to the complexity of the vertical garden but the amount of plant varieties on the wall or the total amount of plants can be discussed. Recommended plants and their functions Any recommendation about which plants to use requires knowledge on the environmental condition of the area where the green walls are to be set up. Furthermore, it is important to consider several factors, for instance the suitability of the wall, stress tolerance of species (e.g. drought or wind), their endurance to pests or pollution, aesthetic value and so on, in accordance with the specific aims of green wall settingup project (68). Given the complexity of such a project and also our constraints (time and lack of specific expertise), it is advised to contact a specialist regarding this matter. At this point, we can only highlight a few species that are common in the Netherlands and have qualities that make them appropriate for a green wall design. Recommended climbing plants are Indian cress (Tropaeolum majus), common ivy, and virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia), while a suitable herbaceous plant could be kenilworth ivy (Cymbalaria muralis). 42

48 Rotterdam s and Paris green facade Europe s biggest green façade can be found in Rotterdam (Figure 30). It was constructed in This façade of a huge car park has several advantages, for example CO2 absorption, biodiversity enhancement and reduction of the heat island effect, amongst others (76) (8). Just behind the Eiffel Tower, is situated the Museé du Quai Branly (Figure 31). Its Seine-facing facade has been turned into a 200 m long and 12 m tall stunning green wall that now provides natural insulation and improves air quality, amongst other benefits. It is one of the most photographed green wall designed by the renowned French botanist, Patrick Blanc. Unique feature of this green wall is the combination of many different plant species that have been compiled in order to mirror cultural diversity of those artists, whose work are exhibited in the museum. Figure 31 - Rotterdam's green facade on a car park. Photo by Jolanda Figure 30 - Seine-facing facade of the Musée du Quai Branly, Paris, France.Image Patrick Blanc Parks Probably you already spend part of your free time in one of the parks of Goor, for example walking the dog, having a picnic with friends or reading a book while lying in the grass. But what about upgrading to green areas that can give you even more than that? Let your imagination run wild and envision your beloved parks as lush food forests. In this way, you can expand your horizons by discovering city-dwelling animals that you didn t know about or pick vegetables and fresh herbs for dinner. Isn t it lovely? Parks are common green spaces in Goor and have big potential for improvement. Since parks usually offer large area, their design often leaves enough space for imagination. Focusing on edible green, we recommend to plant food forest where enough space is available. We advise to transform those green spaces into food forests while creating different themes depending on their location. 43

49 Location in Goor Two locations have been found to be suitable for the creation of food forests: the old cemetery and the waterhole. Old cemetery The area is no longer used as a cemetery and has been restored in 2012 by the foundation RIBO. Currently it is a welcome green park in the city centre which shows respect to the cultural historical background of this monumental cemetery. However, we think the park can be improved and partly transformed into a food forest. The food forest is also a suitable place for the creation of an insect hotel (see insect hotel above) and implementation of nest boxes for birds. In addition, providing different kinds of nest-boxes in parks may increase the colonization of urban parks by a wide variety of birds (36). New life can be grown were old life was put to rest. Of course, the efforts and ideas provided during the restoration of this old cemetery should be considered before implementing the food forest. The food forest should strengthen the vision of a green oasis in the city centre, but should not withdraw the attention from the monumental status. On the northern side of the old cemetery, a small food forest can be established (Figure 32). The cemetery is approximately 3500 m 2 of which about an estimated half of it can be used for the development of the food forest. Since young bushes are grown on the other half, we advise to keep it as is. The existing trees should be incorporated despite the fact that they do not produce food. We advise to start with the highest layers in the north-west corner and then gradually transit towards an open area with lower vegetation to maintain the open character of the park. For the highest layer, we recommend taking into account the inhabitants living at the north side of the old cemetery, as tall and even low trees could overshadow their entire garden. In this respect, the highest layer of the food forest could be the shrub layer. Figure 32 - Plan of the old cemetery. The area outlined with black is the suggested area to grow a food forest. Recommended plants and their functions Considering the fact that this food forest is of decent size, around 1600 m 2 (half the size of the cemetery), we recommend using a general theme. A general theme includes fruits and vegetables that are often 44

50 consumed in the Netherlands. The large area allows for using many different types of vegetables, instead of focussing on a specific type. In the shrub layer, half standard apple, pear, sweet cherry trees (Prunus avium) could be used, yielding fruits that are commonly eaten. Also, hazel (Coryllus avellana) can be considered. For the herbaceous layer, rhubarb (Rheum rhaponticum), perpetual kale (Brassica oleracea ramosa), artichoke (Cynara spp.), borage (Borago officinalis) and many other herbaceous plants can be planted. The ground layer could contain creeping thyme (Thymus praecox), bearberry (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi) or different kinds of strawberries, for instance wild strawberries (Fragaria vesca). Vines could include Caucasian spinach (Hablitzia tamnoides) or Indian cress (Tropaeolum majus). In choosing plants, attention should be payed to the plants following-up each other in harvest period. In this way, the production can be spread out over the year, instead of it being concentrated in just a few months. Public & stakeholder involvement Implementing a food forest on the old cemetery could involve various stakeholders and add education values. Stakeholders can be involved in many activities and create a synergy in the food forest. Stichting Stadslandbouw Hof van Twente can assist the creation of urban agriculture practice as they are aiming to contribute to public greenery and food cultivation in Goor. They can collaborate with Buurtvereniging De Tuinputter - the neighbourhood association that is located around the cemetery - in the process of creation. Other than that, the food forest also brings an educational value. Scouting Stoevelaargroep Goor could use the spot to organize activities related to the nature and education about food production. As many primary schools are near the old cemetery, the food forest is also providing an opportunity to use the forest as a classroom for children. Additionally, inhabitants can experience and discover the food forest. An information sign with a map of the forest can strengthen this experience, by informing visitors what is growing where, when they can pick the fruits and what other organisms live in the forest. The forest can be introduced and explained through guided tours. Or a discover map can be provided at the entrance, which can be used to explore the forest independently. Potential Stakeholders - Stichting stadslandbouw Hof van Twente (Urban Agriculture Foundation), Buurtvereniging De Tuinputter (Neighbourhood Association), Scouting Stoevelaargroep Goor (Scouting Association) (see Appendix 2 - List of stakeholders), and schools. 45

51 The Waterhole Figure 33 The waterhole park: the blue encircled area indicates the area where a berry forest can be created in the park. Figure 34 - The waterhole park: a view on what the area currently looks like. Image 2017 Google The waterhole is a small park in the south-west of Goor between Waalstraat and Diepenheimseweg (Figure 33; Figure 34). In this park, a themed food forest on a smaller scale than at the cemetery can be implemented. We think a berry forest can be a suitable edible addition to this park because berry bushes generally require less space than full grown fruit trees. This means that only the shrub layer of the food forest is realised. Recommended plants and their functions The area is approximately 180 m 2. When a diverse range of berry species is planted, people can enjoy city grown berries from early summer to late autumn. Different Ribes and Rubus species can be planted here, in addition to other berries such as boxthorn (Lycium barbarum) and honeyberry (Lonicera caerulea) (see Appendix 1 - Plant list). Public & stakeholder involvement The creation of a berry forest in the park can make the park a more attractive space for the visitors of the park and the residents of the apartment block. Similar to the food forest in the cemetery, several activities can be organised to involve the public. A regular berry festival could be held in spring and summer to attract inhabitants of Goor. Within the festival, Stichting Stadslandbouw Hof van Twente and farmers can be involved to participate in organizing a competition related urban farming, also to make a small workshop for children to produce some homemade processed foods out of berries, such as jam and soup. Potential Stakeholders - Stichting Stadslandbouw Hof van Twente (Urban Agriculture Foundation) and Farmers (see Appendix 2 - List of stakeholders) 46

52 Voedselbos Kralingen Food forests have been created throughout the Netherlands in the last decade. Many of these forests are now open for visitors. In Rotterdam, an 800 m 2 food forest was started in December of 2013 (Figure 35). Eighteen volunteers are currently developing the forest. Figure 35 - Voedselbos Kralingen's food forest, Rotterdam. Images from Voedselbos ( Ponds and watercourses You might not think about it but watercourses and ponds are also important parts of a city. Amongst others, you can feel connected to history when you pass by the small creek crossing Goor and wander about how the river Regge looked like in the previous centuries. Furthermore, imagine that reminiscing can even be done in a beautiful environment with diverse vegetation that pleases your eyes while giving shelter to urban wildlife. What is this if not a win-win situation? Nowadays, Goor is crossed by a watercourse called De Regge. The province of Overijssel has put effort into providing more room to the existing course of the Regge, in combination with the development of new nature. In the past, part of the river Regge was also crossing the city centre but it has been covered by roads and buildings while building the city. A remnant part of the old course is still existing in Goor and serves as tribute to the Regge. We recommend connecting this tribute with the surrounding environment to increase the ecosystem value, in a similar way as the restoration of the existing Regge. 47

53 Location in Goor The remnant part of the Regge is located next to the main square (Figure 36). The latter in front of the municipality of Goor, is an important meeting place for inhabitants of the city as the weekly market and several festivities take place there. However, it has little green spaces. De Openbare Ruimte expresses its desire to make the main square more iconic. To make a connection between the Regge s tribute, the main square and the playground at de Höfte, while planting edible plants could be a good starting point. A scenario could be to open the access on the tribute while creating green and partly edible landscape. The structure of the bank is an important element to support plants development. A variety of plants can grow out of the water on the banks, and underwater either totally submerged or floating. To favour their growth, an inclined gradient or small steps from the edge of the pond to its deeper centre can be constructed (31). The side made of stones could be re-designed in steps covered by soil in order to support vegetation. It could also only be covered by soil, offering a nice slope for plants to grow. On the other side, the pavement could be removed and replaced by soil (Figure 37). The new area arrangement could include difference in height or level and provide enough space to grow small trees while conserving recreational activities. The cage surrounding the football field could be moved closer to the children s slide or kept at the same place. The structure could be used as support to grow vines. We recommend keeping the children s slide, the sandpit and the bench for recreational uses. These features could be re-installed at intermediate level between the square and the water. Finally, a lower part next to the water could offer a table with benches to provide another place allowing adults to meet. Each level could be connected by small steps and the slopes in between two levels could be planted by herbs and shrubs (see Appendix 1 - Plant list). We suggest installing small gates before each incline to prevent children to fall. Of course, this kind of arrangement is costly and could be compromised by underground infrastructures. Figure 36 - Tribute to the Regge in Goor. Image 2017 Google 48

54 Figure 37 - Playground at De Höfte. Image 2017 Google Recommended plants and their functions We suggest plants adapted to wet conditions. Plants such as meadow bistort (Polygonum spp.), roses, water mint and munk s rhubarb could be grown on the smaller bank to provide habitats for wildlife, improve water quality and improve aesthetic. The existing trees could be moved in the slopes between the different levels. Tree species such as hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) and honeyberry which are producing edible berries for the inhabitants could also be planted. Sun loving herbs such as sage, thyme and rosemary can be grown on slopes facing south. Oregano and anise hyssop can be planted in places with more shadow. Finally, grass could cover the remaining area. The structure of the football cage could be overgrown by Caucasian spinach, which is very suitable for Dutch climate and could provide food for Goor s inhabitants. Hops can also be grown; it would attract wildlife, and could be used to brew beer from city grown hops (see Public Involvement ). 49

55 The Mill River Park, Lyon and the Skjern river Several examples of ponds and/or riverbeds enhancement can be observed. In Hof van Twente, the banks of the Regge have already been restored to promote wildlife habitats and the aesthetic of the river (Figure 38). The Mill River Park in the city of Stamford (Connecticut, USA) enables people to experience nature within the urban area (Figure 39). The river in the park enables the growth of thousands of plants along the banks and is surrounded by a multitude of walking paths. The park offers playgrounds for children and a range of recreational activities such as fishing and kayaking. Education is also promoted since children from local schools can use the park to learn more about ecology. Figure 38 - Regge restored in Hof van Twente. Image Natuurlikj regge The city of Lyon in France reconnected the inhabitants with the Rhone river (figure 40). Parking spaces along the river banks have been transformed in a green meeting place crossed by bicycle/walking paths (3). In these projects, ponds and watercourses are used to meet different needs such as flood protection, nature conservation, or social needs (3). Figure 39 - Green banks of the river in Mill River Park, Stampford. Image Landscape Architects Network Figure 40 - Banks of the Rhone river, Lyon. Image IN SITU Architectes Paysagistes 50

56 Green roof How about having a coffee or smoothie during breaks on top of the world in a green environment? Well, the top of the world might be exaggerating but stepping into a green oasis on the top of your workplace or house is totally conceivable. You do not even have to leave the building and can still enjoy all the benefits a rooftop garden can give you. When planning a green roof several aspects need to be taken into account such as installation possibilities, (maintenance) budget, (aesthetical) purpose. Since intensive, semi-intensive and extensive green roofs have different requirements, these aspects determine the type of green roof to be implemented. The aesthetic component is of great importance when roofs are designed for public visitation while extensive green roofs might not even be visible from a lower level. In addition, not every roof is suitable because they need to support a large amount of weight, especially the intensive type. Thus, inspection by an expert to look into the possibilities is necessary before realizing a green roof. Location in Goor The municipality building of Hof van Twente is a relatively large building in the middle of the city centre. Because the majority of the roof is flat and has a large surface area, it may be suitable to realise a green roof. By doing so, the municipality can set a good example for the inhabitants and express the sustainable aspirations of the municipality. It could help solving the problem of flooding when there is heavy rainfall that Goor faces sometimes (152). We suggest the municipality to investigate the possibilities for the roof of the municipality. We think an extensive green roof is the best option since it requires little adjustment to the roof, limited maintenance and is relatively cheap to realise. The lower roof which functions as a recreational and smoking area for the employees of the municipality has potential for improvement. At the moment it consists of tiles, artificial grass and planters with climbing plants. This can be transformed to a semi-intensive green roof which is potentially more attractive for employees to take a break (Figure 41). Figure 41 - An impression of what the lower municipality roof could look like when it is used as semi-intensive green roof. Photo by 51

57 Recommended plants and their functions Roofs cope with harsh conditions like high temperatures, high light intensities and high wind speed which can cause physical damage and desiccation (59). These microclimates need to be considered when implementing a green roof. Plant communities that are naturally adapted to these environmental conditions - like the ones growing in alpine, semi-arid or coastal regions and dry meadows - are capable of dealing with those conditions. Plants in the genus Sedum are the most appropriate for those conditions (60). They are especially chosen because of their superior survival in very thin substrate layers (2 to 3 cm) (59). Green roofs in Rotterdam An example is the Green roofs initiative in Rotterdam. The project focuses on promoting the construction of a colorful roof landscape in the city, for instance with a subsidy scheme that can provide a financial incentive to build green roofs (8). Another prominent case of green roofs is the first large harvestable roof (called Dakakker) that has been created in 2012 on top of a big office building near the Central Station of Rotterdam. Mainly vegetables, fruit and herbs are grown there and also honey bees are kept. The Dakakker can be used for educational activities (tours around the roof field) and can be rented to host events (9). Several other municipalities in The Netherlands work on the implementation of green roofs such as Tilburg, Eindhoven, Groningen, Enschede and s Hertogenbosch. Often green roofs are subsidised by the municipality to encourage the implementation of green roofs among companies and citizens. The European Federation and Green Roofs and Walls promotes and encourages the uptake of green roofs and green walls in their countries to help address issues related to climate change, ecosystem services, green infrastructure and lack of green space in the built environment (at This can be a helpful organisation to explore the possibilities for promoting and funding green roofs and walls in Goor Car parks Do you also miss sometimes seeing green around you in the city? Did you know that even a bunch of bushes or a tiny patch of grass can already make you feel better in the middle of the concrete jungle? Almost anything can be greened up so why would you not consider transforming car parks a bit? Let us just plant a few trees or herbs around parking spaces and a piece of nature can already be brought back to the city. Car parks are common features in Goor, whereon trees can often be found. Trees are usually solitary and surrounded by small bushes but tree lines with free space as base can also be found. Following the same recommendations as for street trees, we recommend creating guild to replace the free spaces under trees. This is often the case when little space is available. When bushes are present at the tree base, we advise to keep the healthy ones and to remove the other. According to the space available, we recommend to plant plants belonging to the category of herbs and/or shrubs from the plant list. 52

58 Location in Goor The main square in front of the municipality is used as car park when no festivities are taking place. However, no trees can be planted on it since there is space needed for big party tents during annual events like Schoolfeest. Trees lines, with free space at their basis, exist on the parking in Weversplein in front of Albert Heijn (Figure 42). One scenario could be to remove some pavements to get access to the soil, and plant (non-edible) herbs (see Appendix 1 Plant list). Another car parks at the intersection between Spoorstraat and Schoolstraat have trees surrounded by bushes (Figure 43). These bushes might need more care but other plants can be added to support their growth. Figure 42 - Car park at Weversplein (in front of Albert Heijn). Image 2017 Google. Figure 43 - Car park at the intersection between Spoorstraat and Schoolstraat. Image 2017 Google In other car parks, we can find paved areas that seem under-used or not used at all. It is the case for the parking in Pastoriestraat in front of Pets&Co (Figure 44). A scenario could be to remove the pavement of those under-used areas in order to plant a mixture of herbs and shrubs (see Appendix 1 Plant list). Paths can be created to enable inhabitants to walk through the new green spaces. The parking in Binnenstraat in front of Aldi also shows an area which seems under-used (Figure 45). A scenario could be to plant grass on the whole surface, one/two low tree(s), and some shrubs surrounding by guild (see Appendix 1 Plant list). Benches and tables can be installed, taking advantage of the shade, to create an enjoyable meeting place. Figure 44 - Car park at Pastoriestraat (in front of Pets&Co). Image 2017 Google 53

59 Figure 45 Car park at Weversplein (in front of Aldi) Image 2017 Google Even though it seems difficult to make a car park green, another recommendation would be to build permeable pavement on car parks to allow grass to grow and the water to infiltrate in the soil (Figure 46). Figure 46 - Example of permeable pavement. Image Vocus PRW Holdings, LLC Recommended plants and functions Since car parks are regularly frequented by cars, plants whose leaves, stems or flowers are edible can be avoided, since consumption of plants grown here is not recommended (see Chapter 5 Toxicological risks). To fill the small free spaces under tree lines, we recommend to plant cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon), lavender or non-edible flowering bush. Cranberries can be eaten by the inhabitants as well as be used as source of food for birds. Lavender is very attractive for pollinators and has nice smell and aesthetic. Regarding shrubs and low trees, any kind of species can be planted. Taking back the idea of themes, we can imagine a place with orchard trees such as apple tree and pear tree next to Aldi. Their large canopy can provide the necessary shade to create cool and enjoyable meeting place. 54

60 Green car parks in France A multitude of green car parks can be found in France. The most famous example is the car park of the Zenith in Strasbourg, where the whole car park in covered by vegetation (Figure 47). The goal of the project was to find an alternative to control rainwater and to create a green and diverse landscape around the Zenith. Finished in 2009, the project is a success since the 40 hectares enable the parking of cars and the growth of grass through the pavement as well as a remarkable variety of bushes and trees. Figure 47 - Green car park of the Zenith in Strasbourg. Image Villes et Paysages In Trélazé, also in France, green car parks can be found for similar reasons: improve drain water control, increase the aesthetic of the car park and promote vegetal biodiversity (Figure 48). Figure 48 - Green car park in Trelazé, Angers. Image Sol & Aire 7.2. Increase awareness and participation As explained earlier, the inhabitants of Hof van Twente defined their common identity using terms related to noaberschap, for instance strengthening the structure, caring for each other and social cohesion, among others (13). With unity in diversity as key concept all cities and towns in the municipality have their own individual identity. Only Goor is a bit lacking this strong, individual identity and the municipality would like to enhance Goor s identity to increase social cohesion and connectedness within the city. Based on what is already existing in Goor and having the inhabitants of Hof van Twente cores values in mind, we provide recommendations on what could be implemented in Goor. We advise to coordinate existing and new initiatives in Twente to ensure a good application of this project and raise public and stakeholders awareness and involvement. We advise to develop the concept of community garden in Goor to increase inhabitants participation in growing food. The involvement of schools is also part of our recommendations to promote education about food and nature. Taking into account the success of Goor s 55

61 Schoolfeest, we advise to organize an (annual) food market as a mean to promote inhabitants participation in the project. But first of all we advise to make sure that the edible is visible for everyone walking around in Goor Making the edible visible Based on the above recommendations to change Goor in an edible city, we recommend making the edible visible to increase the participation of inhabitants. How to get there? Here we provide several ideas to show where the new edible features are and how to use them. Ideas on how to involve the inhabitants in the maintenance of this project are also discussed. Information signs An easy way to inform the public is by putting up information signs next to the places where food is grown. These signs should include the different plant names and their potential use for consumption. On the sign a QR code (a type of barcode that can be scanned by phones and tablets) can be added. This QR code forwards you the platform (see below) where you can find more information about particular plants. Calendar Inhabitants are provided with a calendar with the harvest time (e.g. per month), according to the season, of each plant grown in the city. This calendar can hang in people's kitchen so they are regularly reminded about the edibility of Goor. Walks It is possible to create edible hiking routes through Goor. These routes guide the people to the edible part of the city. The walks can have different themes, like fruit, herbs or tea or even a specific recipe. The route then leads you to all the spots where you can find the ingredients you would need for this recipe. Another walk can be a wild food plant walk. There are a lot of wild food plants that grow outside of the common green areas. When people are made aware of these plants and are shown what they could use them for, one can basically find food anywhere. Guided tours can be organised by the municipality, or other parties, to make the walks more accessible. A guide will show the different edible plants and provide the participants with additional information and fun facts. It makes the walk a social event where people can inspire each other. These guided walks can also be translated to an application for phones and tablets similar to audio tours in museums. Platform A platform in the form of a website can be created and accessible from the QR code on the information signs and from the municipality webpage. This platform would make easy to explore all the edible possibilities that Goor has to offer. The platform would gather the interactive map, a forum, some recipes to use the city-grown plants (or a link forward), the medical uses and potential risks associated to those plants and the walks guide of Goor. Interactive map All the edible green that is grown in the city can be gathered on an interactive map. When you are on the map you can explore the edible areas of goor. All edible spots are indicated on the map. By clicking on a particular spot a window pops up with useful information about the plants. An example is de wildplukwijzer (at At this website people can see where they can find fruit, nuts and vegetables in the public wild all over The Netherlands. 56

62 Forum To encourage a community feeling around the edible city an online forum can be created. On this forum inhabitants can exchange ideas, experiences and tips on different topics. This can help and people to use the edible green in the city or inspire to develop their own edible gardens. Recipes, medical uses, (and risks) Suggestions with recipes for the city-grown plants, or a link toward recipe website, can be included on the platform. In doing so, the public can immediately know what they can use it for. In the same way, a links towards websites providing information on potential medical uses and warning on potential risks of those plants could be included Community gardens For the Green & Edible Goor project, we recommend extending the scale of community gardens in Goor. The Stichting Stadslanbouw Hof van Twente could play an important role in the development and maintenance of the technical recommendations mentioned above. Some volunteers from the foundation, with the support of the municipality, could be responsible of the maintenance of the edible green. That would be possible when the foundation will be able to expand the number of volunteers. We advise the municipality to promote the community gardens via the municipality s website in order to make Goor s inhabitants more aware of this possibility. As the inhabitants of Goor care for the most vulnerable ones (social assistance users, disabled people, the unemployed, and refugees) (17), the foundation s attempt in providing social benefits for the participants should also be valued in presenting the gardens. Furthermore, several stakeholders in Goor, such as 'The Doors Wide Open' and neighbourhood associations, are starting urban farming initiatives. In cooperation with the foundation, they could enhance the community gardens. (see Appendix 2 - List of stakeholders). Such cooperation can strengthen the participatory ability of inhabitants, which could sustain the community gardens and also the Green & Edible Goor project in the long run. The municipality already provides opportunities for small urban farming projects including subsidies for community gardens (153). We advise the municipality to keep those subsidies and help the Stichting Stadslandbouw Hof van Twente by providing them more green public spaces Private garden Growing edible green does not have to be limited to public spaces. A big proportion of urban green spaces comprises of private gardens. For this reason, a good management of these green spaces is very important and required. The municipality can encourage the inhabitants to also start growing their own edible green in their private gardens and balconies. By encouraging eco-friendly gardening methods and the implementation of vegetation the inhabitants can help enhance biodiversity and amount of green in the city. The municipality can provide subsidies that can be implemented to promote eco-friendly gardening practices and the installation of green spaces in private areas, for example subsidise the installation of hanging planters at inhabitants balconies. Additionally, some kind of gardening competition could also be considered to stimulate active participation of other inhabitants of Goor in the urban farming movement. This competition could be about who turns their private garden into the prettiest vegetable garden or food forest. 57

63 Another way to involve inhabitants in growing their own food is to set up a donation programme. We recommend giving easy-grown vegetables, herbs and flowers seeds for free to the inhabitants, with a small pot, soil and a little explanation of cultivation practices and sowing/harvest time. Those grow kits could be distributed during the weekly markets by the Stichting Stadslandbouw Hof van Twente (Urban Agriculture Foundation). At the same time, the foundation can hold workshops to provide tips on how to cultivate or use the different plants. Hanging baskets can be distributed, also for free, to promote vegetation at balconies. The idea is similar to the Moestuintjes from Albert Heijn but this time, it is disconnected from doing groceries and it can be done every season. Workshops can be organised around this concept to teach them how to grow plants at home. The idea is to raise awareness on how to grow food for each household in the city, for children and adults. Moreover, by starting to grow vegetables, fruits and herbs on their own, inhabitants would be more willing to grow food in their streets. Moestuintjes from Albert Heijn Giving easy-grown vegetables, herbs and flowers seeds for free to the inhabitants, with a small pot, soil and a little explanation of cultivation practices and sowing/harvest time (Figure 49) ( Figure 49 - Kitchen garden with 'Moestuintjes' from Albert Heijn. Image from Reuters Involving schools To involve the primary school students of Goor with the new green and edible identity of Goor, creating an education program is recommended. The program must focus on food production/security and sustainability. Knowledge about how to grow edible plants, and awareness about risks and benefits of their consumption can be educated. Sustainable food production and consumption could be addressed by focusing on the role of bees as pollinators. This can be the starting point of the educational program offered to primary schools. An education program is suggested, consisting of two parts: a theoretical part and a practical part. The theoretical part focuses on the causes and effects of bee mortality on food production, in form of class lectures or a small assignment. The practical part will offer the students possibilities to help increase bee populations and grow their own food. There are multiple ways of doing this. Creating a school garden. Children can grow their own vegetables and fruits and eat them when the vegetables are fully grown. As all the primary schools in Goor are located within the city, creating school gardens will contribute to the greenness of the urban environment. Study shows that working outside, requiring direct involvement with nature, helps students to learn more 58

64 about nature-related topics; schoolyards can function as an easily accessible, natural setting for outdoor activities and learning (84). Making seed bombs. These are small balls made of clay, pot soil and flower seeds. When made, children can disperse them throughout the city centre. When it rains, the balls will disintegrate, allowing the seeds to germinate and the flowers to grow. Increasing the number of wild flowers in city centres is a well-known measure to help the bee population to increase (78). It also contributes to a green city centre. Making insect/bee hotels. Children develop a more positive attitude towards bees when they work with bee hotels (80). Making bee hotels and placing them in urban or suburban environments is also a well-known measure to increase bee populations by increasing the nesting possibilities for wild bee species (78). Combining theoretical knowledge with practical work outside bringing them in direct contact with nature is essential for creating the sense of care and responsibility and the investigative approach (119). To give an example, we recommend the free education material about bees, made by Greenpeace. It is available on the Greenpeace website ( There is also a manual about how to make insect hotels and seed bombs available on this website. In conclusion, primary schools can contribute to making Goor a green and edible city. The physical greenness of Goor would be increased by creation of school gardens and dispersion of (wild) flowers in the city centre. School involvement also contributes to creating a positive attitude of students towards nature and food production. Because some core values of NME correspond with the core values of the identity of the municipality s inhabitants, it has a potential to contribute to strengthening this identity. It is also possible to involve the secondary school in Goor: the public school Waerdenborch. This would involve another 7,5% of the population in the project (14). A possibility is to offer students education about food waste, sustainable food production and reasonable consumption. This education in secondary schools can play a big role in creating awareness among students and teachers about those issues, e.g. by making them work on concrete issues (122) (Annual) food market Events centred around food have always been a source of cohesion and cultural meaning for human communities; social cohesion can both be celebrated and increased during these kind of events (154). To make the new green and edible character of Goor successful, we recommend organising a new event about food. This can be done by organising a food market, for example every year when the food in the city can be harvested. The purpose of the market in Goor would be to create the possibility for inhabitants to share (or sell) their home-made food products. This encourages people to invest time and energy in producing their own food (e.g. growing apples and turning it into apple pie to share). The market can be combined with other activities, like live music (maybe a band contest). To promote growing your own food and sharing it with others, the municipality can contribute by setting the right example and creating an identity for the entire market. It has advantages to create a central product that can function as the hook of the market. This product can be used to sell the market to the local community but also to the rest of the world to make it more popular and well-known (154). Creating such an identity for the food market would create publicity and a basis to work on. Our suggestion is to let the market evolve around making a special beer. We advise on involving the local beer brewery (Brouwerij Maraakels bier) to make a special beer for the market. The idea is that this beer would only be available 59

65 during the event and that it is (partly) made from hops that are grown in the city centre (it might not possible to grow enough hop to produce a workable amount of beer, but the rest of the hop can be bought locally). This example shows the inhabitants that it is possible to grow food yourself within city boundaries and turn it into edible products. The inhabitants can contribute to the market by making products, for example food that goes well with beer (e.g. cheese or something with vegetables). Every year the Goor School- en Volksfeest (Goor school and folk festival) is held. This seems to be the most important event that connects the inhabitants of Goor; it started as a party for students to promote going to school, in 1875, but with the years it has grown into a two-day festival that involves all inhabitants (18). It is possible to combine the new food market with the Schoolfeest; it can be a new event within the festival, focused on the new edible identity of Goor. Every year during the Schoolfeest, a parade is organized (17). The new market and the edibility of the city can be promoted using a green and edible float (praalwagen) that can join the parade. By combining the food with the Schoolfeest, the existing enthusiasm and support inhabitants already have for the Schoolfeest is used to create support for the new edible and green identity of Goor. When beer is used as a central product for the market, it matches well with the Schoolfeest since beer already seems to be an important part of that; in the earlier days, beer and lemonade were the only things you could drink during the festival and the website states that the turnover of beer is above average during the Schoolfeest (18). The new beer can be a real Schoolfeest beer, only to be drunk during the festival. In conclusion, organising an event about food can increase the support for the new green and edible identity of Goor. This can be done either by organising a new event on its own - like an annual market - or by connecting it to the existing Schoolfeest. A market creates possibilities for inhabitants to contribute while exercising the new identity by sharing their home-grown and self-made products. The municipality can contribute by providing a central product for the market; this sets an example for inhabitants and can be used to promote the market. Brewing a new type of beer - using locally grown hop and involving the local brewery is recommended. But there are other options, for example by including local entrepreneurs like beekeepers, farmers and bakeries. Everyone can contribute with something, as long as the food is at least partly (made of ingredients) grown in or in the near surroundings of the city. 60

66 Stockton Asparagus Festival The city of Stockton, California, uses the fact that asparaguses (Asparagus officinalis) grow in the area as an excuse to create a tradition the annual Stockton Asparagus Festival (Figure 50). This festival is well-known inside and outside the state of California for the asparagus but also includes multiple activities that have nothing to do with the vegetable, like a health and wellness fair and a crafts fair. Figure 50 - Picture of the Stockton Asparagus Festival. Image 2012 Stockton Visitors Bureau Public Communication: City Branding For the project of Green & Edible Goor we will recommend branding strategies based on the Kavaratzis framework, as explained in the theoretical background (140). The existing branding strategy of the municipality Hof van Twente is focusing on tourism, economic, and people involvement, while also taking into account a sustainability aspect (17). Implementation of various green infrastructures plots (see Improving green spaces and Transforming grey space in Chapter 7) may create a new brand character for Goor. It is also a kind of primary communication, expressed in the landscape, infrastructure, inhabitants behaviour and the organizational structure, with the purpose to create and improve the edible character of Goor. Inhabitants will be situated in a new edible and green environment - the city centre of Goor - creating a new perception of their surroundings - branding this new character in a good way influences the way people perceive the city. Improving this edible value of the brand of Goor can be done in multiple ways. The following ways are recommended: Using art in the creation of green infrastructure plots to make them stand out: e.g. making a monumental statue in the food forest (landscape strategy). Providing an educational sign of each plant in the green infrastructure plots to emphasize the edible character of Goor; e.g. giving a description about the plant with some fun facts included and placing it in front of the plant (infrastructure project). 61

67 Involving more stakeholders in the creation and maintenance of green and grey spaces: e.g. collaborating with the members of community gardens and neighbourhood associations to maintain the food forest (organizational structure). Affirming the edible character of Goor by the creation of various events related to urban farming and food production; e.g. organizing a cooking competition working with local produced food in an annual food festival (city s behaviour). For the secondary communication, the following formal communication methods are recommended: Taking into account tourism in promoting the edible character of Goor; e.g. providing and promoting an educational tourism program of edible plants in Goor, where the tourists could take a walking tour and have a first-hand experience by directly picking and eating the edible plants within the city. Local restaurants can provide a menu made out of locally produced products to finish this tourism program (advertisement). Using a captivating tagline in every written publication and verbal communication of Goor; e.g. using a hashtag (like #ediblegoor) in every publication, both in written publications like plant information signs, the website and other media, as in visual productions, like the tourism video of Goor (public relation). Making an attractive design of edible plants to be presented on the platforms connecting the municipality and the inhabitants of Goor; e.g. providing an educational poster that also provides information and fun facts about edible plants, to be shared on the social media channels of Goor or the municipality in the official social media of Goor (graphic design). Placing the official logo of Green & Edible Goor in every written publication and verbal communication of Goor (logo) Public involvement in decision-making and implementation To give recommendations on how to involve the public in the execution of plans, the table provided in the theoretical background will be used (Table 2 Level of participation in relation to planning, implementation and monitoring phase of project management). As discussed, there are three phases in which public and stakeholder participation can be implemented (105) and the level of participation can be expressed using the participation ladder of Arnstein (1969) (112). Some of the participation forms are recommended to use in making Goor an edible and green city. Public meetings In meetings like this, the municipality can inform the public about the plans of creating a new identity for Goor and changing the city centre. These meetings must be held before any plans are being implemented. In these meetings, inhabitants get the opportunity to give their opinion on the plans, but the municipality is not required to act upon this input. Doing this is recommended because informing the public on time will decrease the chances of possible resistance (see also the criterion of early involvement). This is important, as the inhabitants of Goor tend to be resistant to change, especially when plans involve making costs (133). Being open about plans may decrease this resistance (and helps meeting the criterion of transparency). Stakeholder/citizen advisory committee There are a lot of public (green) initiatives in the municipality and in Goor (153); this means that there is a group of inhabitants that is already involved in enhancing social cohesion in the city. It is important to involve these people, to get their support for the plans and to get their opinion on action taken. When 62

68 creating a citizen advisory committee, it is possible to involve, among others, these already active inhabitants and to give them some stake in the process. It is also useful for the municipality to know what the views of the public are before implementing plans. But the committee should not merely consist of already active people; to meet the criterion of representativeness, all stakeholder and citizen groups should be given the same opportunity to get involved. The level of power of the committee can be adjusted during the process; it is also possible to implement another level of participation negotiated rule/decision-making by discussing certain topics with the committee members, e.g. topics that are most relevant for them. This gets them more involved and gives them the opportunity to make some decisions together with the municipality. The committee should be created right from the start to create openness and transparency towards involved stakeholders and inhabitants (to meet the criterion of early involvement and transparency). Outcomes of this kind of decision-making should be considered by the municipality, to meet the criterion of influence. Public opinion surveys and citizen panels To get the opinions of inhabitants and stakeholders on a greater scale, it is recommended to make use of public opinion surveys. This should be done during or after the process of implementation after adjusting the first green space to know what people think of it, for example. A way to do this is by using the poll on the site of Goorsnieuws.nl (for a very brief opinion survey) or an online survey on the website of the municipality. One question of such a survey could be whether the person wants to become part of a citizen panel. In such a panel the inhabitant can explain their opinions, provide arguments and suggestions to improve the plan. The results of the survey and the citizen panel meetings can be used to improve further implementation of the plan. Doing this will meet the criterion of independence the inhabitants are asked for their opinion, independent of influence coming from the municipality, which can be taken into account. The difference between a citizen panel and an advisory committee is that the advisory committee will be created from the start, while the citizen panel will give their opinion when a (part of a) plan is implemented. Also, the advisory committee has more power as the members are involved in decisionmaking, while the citizen panel only gives input and suggestions for improvement for the future. Workshops Making the city greener by planting trees provides opportunities to involve inhabitants by organizing workshops. People can be involved in the actual (planting) activities that can be done filling planters that will be spread around the city centre with plants of their own choice, for example, or an apple pie baking workshop, with pies made from apples grown in the city centre. This increases support by actively involving inhabitants in creating their own green (108). There is also an opportunity to educate people about the purpose and maintenance of plants and trees in Goor and to encourage them to actively participate in the greening-process e.g. by growing their own plants in their private gardens or by picking and eating the food that is grown. Inhabitants can be informed and involved in a less formal environment than e.g. when participating in for example an advisory committee. This can create trust between inhabitants and the municipality and people can learn from each other when following the workshop (meeting the criterion of social learning and mutual trust). These workshops can be organised whenever in the process in the beginning as well as after the plans are implemented. Supporting local green initiatives There is already some initiative when it comes to making Goor green and connected; the municipality must back-up these local initiatives to increase local support for the new green and edible identity and to 63

69 improve the relationship between the municipality and stakeholders/inhabitants. This can be done by providing resources finances, information or materials, for example but also by promoting the activities among the inhabitants. Providing support may increase the number of local initiatives in the city, when people become excited and want to get involved themselves. By providing support, multiple criteria are met for successful public and stakeholder involvement: the criterion of resource accessibility everyone can start an individual project and apply for provision of resources from the municipality; the criterion of influence inhabitants can get to work themselves and influence the city environment; and somewhat also the criterion of independence as inhabitants can start and manage their own initiative, only supported by the municipality in terms of resources. 64

70 Concluding discussion This document bridges the knowledge gaps within and between the technical and the social dimension of turning Goor into a more green and edible city. To analyse the quality of the proposed plan for making Goor more green and edible, a SWOT-analysis is used. This is a popular analysis method that ensures a fit between the actual qualities and characteristics of a project (strengths and weaknesses) and possible elements in the environment that may (negatively or positively) affect the success of the project (opportunities and threats) (155). Regarding the technical dimension, we identified the main features present in Goor and provided recommendations on how to enhance the biodiversity and edibility of these features. Of course, this list is non-exhaustive and should be seen as source of inspiration to transform the city. Also, it is important to keep in mind that each individual green component may provide limited (ecosystem) services within Goor but taken together it can improve Goor to a great extent. The services become more pronounced when extended to the whole city. In this way, the appreciation of those services will increase gradually with the transformation of Goor into a green and edible city. It is also clear that urban ecosystem services contribute to the life quality of its inhabitants even if their survival is still dependent on global ecosystem services. We also have investigated various planting concepts transposable to cities and ways to support urban wildlife. Once again, this includes the possibilities that seem the most appropriate and original for Goor but can be extended with new ideas. A toxicological risks identification has been included regarding the possible hazards of growing edible green in a city. Due to time and budget limitations, we were not able to take field measurements. Instead we have given guidelines, in order to safeguard the edible products of Goor. Regarding the social dimension, we have explored various aspects such as community development and public and stakeholder involvement. We looked into ways to involve multiple stakeholders and the public, as well as to improve Goor s community. The plan creates a lot of opportunities for involving a broad range of local stakeholders. Basically, all stakeholders that have something to do with the production of food (e.g. the brewery, beekeepers and farmers), with plants and trees (e.g. garden centres) or the public (e.g. neighbourhood houses, schools, museums or sport clubs) can be in some way involved in the new green and edible identity of Goor. This results in an increase in public support for the process and social cohesion in general (108). Because the plan gives many opportunities for the involvement of local stakeholders, there is also the threat of the rise of conflict between mentioned stakeholders. Especially when participatory processes are about nature - like this one - the rise of conflict between environment on the one side and money on the other is very likely (105). Nevertheless, a well-managed participatory process will encourage social learning, in which stakeholders will learn about the other s views on the plan (111). This will possibly prevent or solve conflict between stakeholders. We have presented different levels of participation, their requirements, and benefits. In any case, participation needs public acceptance and actions in planning, implementation and monitoring. The success of the plans proposed in this report is to a great extent dependent on the involvement and the support of the inhabitants of Goor. If they decide not to be involved in the plans of the municipality, e.g. by not doing anything with the grown food or by not supporting the plans at all, the plans are basically impracticable. This is a large uncertainty in the project, which makes it important to take the recommendations regarding public involvement into account when implementing the plans. 65

71 The lack of identity, of which Goor feels the effects, led to the inhabitants withdrawal in the everyday urban landscape. We have sought to create a new collective identity which offers feeling of social belonging and safety (107). To do so, we have chosen to focus on the edible character with mottos such as Nature is free and Food is everywhere. Since Goor has not one, but two local news sites which seem to be open for new ideas, they can help to promote the idea of Green & Edible Goor. It is possible to, for example, provide a recipe of the month including herbs, fruits and vegetables that are to be found somewhere in the city centre. This encourages people to actively do something with the new identity. The concept of edible city is quite unique in Hof van Twente. In addition, the new edible features of Goor enable multiple activities, such as walks and food markets, and a specific atmosphere. This particular atmosphere could attract inhabitants of Twente in a first phase, and people from all over the Netherlands with increasing renown. However, we cannot prevent any kind of tragedy of the commons from happening. The tragedy of the commons means that a shared and freely accessible natural resource - like fruit and vegetables grown in the city centre - may be overexploited if the extraction of the resource per individual is not regulated (156). For example, let s look at an apple tree; people can pick apples as much as they want, more than their fair share would be. If everyone would do this, this will lead to an overexploitation of the tree - no apples will be left. The plan does not include anything to avoid this from happening, which may result in dissatisfaction among inhabitants. Stichting stadslandbouw Hof van Twente is an important initiator of growing food in Goor. The potential expansion of their projects through our recommendations can create opportunities for this foundation. Making them responsible for the maintenance of, for example the food forest or planters, can increase the visibility of their projects and thereby raise awareness and potentially involve other inhabitants. However, this also needs an increase in the number of volunteers. The growth of Stichting stadslandbouw Hof van Twente is thus a requirement for some of our recommendations if they are made responsible. Education as a tool of creating awareness is important and valuable. However, in the proposed education program for primary schools, the focus is on bees and their role in food production. This may bring some issues, as children may be afraid of bees and parents may not allow their kids to work closely with bees. There are a lot of misconceptions about the existence of bees; people have a negative attitude towards these animals, mainly because they are morphologically and behaviourally unfamiliar to humans (80). Also, bees can sting and these stings are painful and potentially dangerous (157). A way to decrease this threat is by making bee hotels specially for wild bees. These bees are solitary and therefore less aggressive than e.g. honey bees, which live in colonies (80). To change the attitude of parents towards working with bees, it may be necessary to send an explanatory letter to all parents with some background information about bees. Lastly, it is necessary for teachers to know what to do in case of bee sting. Another thing to keep in mind is that the recommendations we have provided have different levels of complexity and costs, and some necessitate inspection and confirmation of their feasibility by a skilled expert. Moreover, the small amount of time available to create this plan pushed the team to make choices on what to include or not in the advice. Since the team expertise is not about economy, no cost analysis is provided. Of course, the recommendations imply costs that have to be investigated. However, those multiple and diverse recommendations are based on already existing projects. Those projects have often been encouraged by subsidies or financed by European, national, or local organizations. In the same way, such a project for Goor can attract a range of associations and investors. Their financing would help the implementation of the project, especially for the most costly recommendations such as green roofs and walls. 66

72 Table 3 - SWOT analysis Strengths The project provides a vision of what the identity of the city could be: Green & Edible Goor. The plan provides means to involve the inhabitants in the implementation and maintenance of the project. The plan is a source of inspiration. The plan of making Goor green and edible has been promoted during its creation. Weaknesses The plan does not include something to prevent a tragedy of the commons from happening. The plan does not include a costs analysis. Opportunities Using local news websites to promote the green and edible identity of the city. Development of tourism in Goor. Involvement of local stakeholders (e.g. the brewery) Investments for the plan. Threats Conflict between stakeholders Resistant inhabitants The assumed and real danger of working with bees in primary schools. 67

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79 Glossary Ecosystem service Crop Green facade Services provided by an ecosystem to people, including provisioning, regulating and cultural services (3). Edible plants, including fruits and vegetables and nuts. A green facade is created by growing climbing plants up and across the facade of a building from plants grown in garden beds at its base (66). Green infrastructure The network encompassing all green spaces in a city, such as parks, street trees, planters, ponds and watercourses, private gardens. Green roof Green walls Guild Mulch Perennial Permaculture Planting concept Sustainable Tree base Vertical garden A vegetated landscape built up from a series of layers that are installed on a roof surface as loose laid or modular (that is, installed layer by layer on the roof or as pre-prepared layers in trays) (66). A green wall is comprised of plants grown in supported vertical systems that are generally attached to an internal or external wall, although in some cases can be freestanding. Vegetation, growing medium, irrigation and drainage are incorporated into a single system (119). A guild is a mixture of diverse plant species grown around a central plant forming a balanced mini-ecosystem. Materials (grass clippings, leaves, bark chips) that are applied to, or grown upon, the soil surface (49). Plant that lives more than two years excluding trees and shrubs. Permaculture is the conscious design and maintenance of agriculturally productive systems which have the diversity, stability, and resilience of natural ecosystems (158). Different planting concepts make up green infrastructure. Development which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs Small area around the trunk of the tree. Vertical garden, or in other words vertical greenery system (VGS), encompass all kinds of vegetated wall surfaces covered with climbing plants rooted in the ground or grown on the wall in modular containers (61). 74

80 Appendix 1 Plant list Legend Full sun Semi-shade Shade Water plant Wet soil Moist soil Well drained soil Plants are selected for several characteristics. First of all, in order to incorporate the aspect of edibility in the city, plants should be fit for consumption. To this end, we use the site of Plants For A Future (PFAF), that has listed numerous edible plant species in order to compose a list of suitable plants (146). Second of all, we aspire to suggest stable planting concepts, that do not need replanting every year. Therefore, we selected for perennials and successful self-seeders only. Third of all, considering the climate in Goor, plants should be winter hardy in zone 7 or lower. All trees and shrubs will be checked for their presence in the Netherlands. Native species are marked with N. In addition, plants that have a link with the city s cultural (marked with C) or historical background (marked with H) will be included. Note that the plants that have been used in the recommendations have a detailed summary. Others have been listed as alternatives. Tall trees (15+ meters) Note: for the tall tree layer, existing (non-edible) tall tree lines can be used. All trees mentioned here are native (N) except for G. trichantos. Acer pseudoplatanus Name English Dutch Max. height Acer pseudoplatanus Sycamore, Great maple Gewone esdoorn 30 meters Light Soil Photo by Willow Harvest Edible parts Feb - Apr Sap, seed 75

81 Prunus avium Name English Dutch Max. height Prunus avium Sweet cherry Zoete kers 30 meters Light Moisture Photo by Konrad Lackerbeck Harvest Edible parts May-Jul Fruit Fagus sylvatica Name English Dutch Max. height Light Fagus sylvatica Common beech Beuk 30 meters Moisture Photo by Jean-Pol Grandmont Harvest Edible parts Oct-Dec Leaves, Seed, Oil Gleditsia trichantos Name English Dutch Max. height Light Gleditsia trichantos Honey locust Valse christusdoorn 20 meters Moisture Photo by Andrew Dunn Harvest Edible parts Oct-Nov Seed, Seedpot 76

82 Name English Dutch Castanea sativa Sweet chestnut Tamme kastanje Juglans regia Walnut tree Walnoot Quercus robur Pedunculate oak Zomereik Sorbus torminalis Wild service tree Elsbes Tilia cordata Small-leaved lime Winterlinde Ulmus minor Field elm Gladde iep 77

83 Low trees (4-<15 meters) Corylus avellana (N) Name English Dutch Max. height Corylus avellana Hazel Hazelaar 6 meters Light Moisture Photo by Nikanos Harvest Edible parts Sep-Oct Seeds Crataegus spp. (N) Name English Dutch Max. height Light Crataegus Hawthorn Meidoorn 6 meters Moisture Photo by Rasbak Harvest Edible parts Apr-June Flowers; Sep-Nov Fruits Flowers, Fruit, Leaves Malus domestica (N) Name English Dutch Max. height Light Malus domestica Apple Appel 9 meters Moisture Photo by Andrey Korzun Harvest Edible parts Jul-Dec Fruit 78

84 Mespilus germanica (H) Name English Dutch Max. height Mespilus germanica Medlar Mispel 6 meters Light Moisture Photo by Llez Harvest Edible parts Nov Fruit Pyrus communis (N) Name English Dutch Max. height Light Pyrus communis Pear Peer 5 meters Moisture Photo by Joris Egger Harvest Edible parts Aug-Oct Fruits Name English Dutch Amelanchier lamarckii Apple serviceberry Amerikaans krentenboompje Amelanchier laevis Allegheny serviceberry Drents krentenboompje Caragana arborescens Siberian pea tree Erwtenstruik Sorbus spp. Mountain ash Lijsterbes Prunus cerasus Sour cherry Zure kers Sambucus nigra Elderberry Vlier Cornus mas Cornelian cherry Gele kornoelje 79

85 Prunus dulcis Sweet almond Amandelboom Crataegus monogyna Oneseed hawthorn Eenstijlige meidoorn Crataegus laevigata Midland hawthorn Tweestijlige meidoorn Malus domestica Elstar Elstar Elstar appel Malus domestica Goudreinette Goudreinette Goudreinette appel Malus domestica Santana Santana Santana appel Malus domestica Wellant Wellant Wellant appel Pyrus communis conference Conference Conference Pyrus communis Gieser Wildeman Gieser Wildeman Gieser wildeman 80

86 Shrubs (2-4 meters) Rosa spp. (N) Name English Dutch Max. height Rosa spp. Rose Roos 3 meters Light Moisture Photo by Llez Harvest Edible parts Jun-Jul Flowers, fruit, seed Lycium barbarum (N) Name English Dutch Max. height Light Lycium barbarum Boxthorn Goji bes 2.5 meters Moisture Photo by Paul144 Harvest Edible parts Aug-Oct Fruit Lonicera caerulea (N) Name English Dutch Max. height Light Lonicera caerulea Honeyberry Honingbes 2 meters Moisture Photo by Nova Harvest Edible parts Aug-Oct Fruit 81

87 Rubus spp.(n) Name English Dutch Max. height Rubus spp. Rubus - various berries Braam 2 meters Light Moisture Photo by Hedwig Storch Harvest Edible parts Jun-Oct Fruit Name English Dutch Aronia melanocarpa (N) Black Chokeberry Appelbes Ribes aureum (N) Golden currant Gele ribes Rosa rugosa (N) Ramanas rose Rimpelroos Rosa tomentosa Whitewoolly rose Viltroos Rosa canina (N) Dog rose Hondsroos Rubus idaeus (N) Red raspberry Framboos Rubus occidentalis Black raspberry Zwarte framboos Rubus fruticosus (N) Blackberry Gewone braam Rubus phoenicolasius Japanese wineberry Japanse wijnbes Rubus x loganobaccus (N) Loganberry Loganbes 82

88 Herbaceous plants (0.15-<2 meters) Levisticum officinale (N) Name English Dutch Max. height Levisticum officinale Lovage Lavas 1.8 meters Light Moisture Photo by 4028mdk09 Harvest Edible parts Mar-Sep Flowers, Leaves, Root, Seed, Stem Rosmarinus officinalis (N) Name English Dutch Max. height Light Rosmarinus officinalis Rosemary Rozemarijn 1.5 meters Moisture Photo by David R. Tribble Harvest Edible parts Year round Leaves Thymus vulgaris (N) Name English Dutch Max. height Light Thymus vulgaris Thyme Tijm 20 cm Moisture Photo by Llez Harvest Edible parts Year round Leaves 83

89 Salvia spp. (N) Name English Dutch Max. height Salvia spp. Sage Salie 60 cm Light Moisture Photo by Liné1 Harvest Edible parts Year round Leaves Origanum spp. (N) Name English Dutch Max. height Light Origanum spp. Oregano Oregano 60 cm Moisture Photo by Llez Harvest Edible parts Apr-Nov Leaves Agastache spp. Name English Dutch Max. height Light Agastache spp. Anise hyssop Dropplant 90 cm Moisture Photo by Quirine ten Kate Harvest Edible parts Apr-Oct Leaves 84

90 Ribes spp. (N) Name English Dutch Max. height Ribes spp. Ribes Ribes meter Light Moisture Blackcurrant - Photo by Llez Harvest Edible parts Jul-Sep Fruit Fragaria x ananassa (N) Name English Dutch Max. height Light Fragaria x ananassa Strawberry Aardbei 30 cm Moisture Photo by Phormulax Harvest Edible parts Jun-Aug Fruit Vaccinium myrthillus (N) Name English Dutch Max. height Light Vaccinium myrthillus Blueberry Blauwe bosbes 30 cm Moisture Photo by Klee232 Harvest Edible parts Jul-Oct Fruit 85

91 Polygonum spp. (N) Name English Dutch Max. height Polygonum spp. Meadow bistort Adderwortel 50 cm Light Moisture Photo by Magnus Manske Harvest Edible parts Apr - Oct Leaves Mentha spp. (N) Name English Dutch Max. height Light Mentha spp. Mint Munt 1 meter Moisture Chocolate mint - Photo by Quirine ten Kate Harvest Edible parts Mar-Oct Leaves Allium spp. (N) Name English Dutch Max. height Light Allium spp. Chives Bieslook 0.3 meter Moisture Chives - Photo by Quirine ten Kate Harvest Edible parts Year-round Flowers, Leaves, Root 86

92 Asparagus officinalis (N) Name English Dutch Max. height Asparagus officinalis Asparagus Groene asperge 1.80 meters Light Moisture Photo by Quirine ten Kate Harvest Edible parts Mar Stems Notes The first two years, plant needs picking supervision Cynara spp. (N) Name English Dutch Max. height Cynara spp. Artichoke Artisjok 1.5 meters Light Moisture Photo by Magnus Manske Harvest Edible parts Aug Flowers, Leaves Rheum rhaponticum (N) Name English Dutch Max. height Light Rheum rhaponticum Rhubarb Rabarber 1.2 meters Moisture Photo by Wouter Hagens Harvest Edible parts Before 21 of June Flowers, Stem 87

93 Brassica oleracea ramosa (N) Name English Dutch Max. height Brassica oleracea ramosa Perpetual Kale Eeuwige moes 1.20 meter Light Moisture Photo by Quirine ten Kate Harvest Edible parts Mar-Nov Leaves Melissa officinalis (N) Name English Dutch Max. height Light Melissa officinalis Lemon balm Citroenmelisse 70 cm Moisture Photo by Forest Starr & Kim Starr Harvest Edible parts Mar-Oct Leaves Name English Dutch Myrrhis odorata (N) Sweet cicely Roomse kervel Filipendula ulmaria (N) Meadowsweet Moerasspirea Tanacetum parthenium Feverfew Moederkruid Galium odoratum (N) Sweet woodruff Lievevrouwebedstro Viola odorata (N) Sweet violet Maarts viooltje Alchemilla mollis Lady s mantle Vrouwenmantel Malva sylvestris (N) High mallow Groot kaasjeskruid 88

94 Achillea millefolium (N) Yarrow Duizendblad Aloysia citrodora Lemon verbena Citroenverbena Monarda citriodora Lemon bergamot Citroenbergamot Monarda didyma Bergamot Bergamot Monarda fistulosa Wild bergamot Wilde bergamot Acinos arvensis Basil Thyme Kleine steentijm Mentha x villosa alopecuroides (N) Apple mint Appelmunt Mentha spicata (N) Spearmint Groene munt Mentha x piperita (N) Black peppermint Pepermunt Mentha pulegium (N) Pennyroyal Polei Mentha aquatica (N) Watermint Watermunt Persicaria bistorta Bistort Adderwortel Persicaria vivipara Alpine bistort Knolduizendknoop Allium schoenoprasum (N) Chives Bieslook Allium tuberosum (N) Garlic chives Knoflookbieslook Cynara cardunculus (N) Cardoon Kardoen Ribes nigrum (N) Blackcurrant Zwarte bes Ribes uva-crispa (N) Gooseberry Kruisbes Ribes rubrum (N) Red currant Aalbes Agastache rugosa Korean mint Koreaanse munt Agastache foeniculum Anise hyssop Dropplant Armoracia rusticana Horseradish Mierikswortel Salvia officinalis (N) Sage Salie Salvia elegans Pineapple sage Ananassalie Vaccinium macrocarpon (N) Cranberry Vossenbes Origanum vulgare majorana (N) Marjoram Echte marjolein Origanum vulgare compactum (N) Oregano Oregano 89

95 Origanum vulgare hirtum (N) Green oregano Griekse oregano Rumex rugosus Garden sorrel Tuinzuring Rumex sanguineus Red-veined dock Bloedzuring 90

96 Ground covering plants (0-15 cm) Fragaria vesca (N) Name English Dutch Max. height Fragaria vesca Wild strawberry Bosaardbei 15 cm Light Moisture Photo by Philip Jägenstedt Harvest Edible parts Jun-Sep Fruit Thymus praecox Name English Dutch Max. height Light Thymus praecox Creeping thyme Kruiptijm 10 cm Soil Photo by Anne Burgess Harvest Edible parts Apr-Jul Leaves Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Name English Dutch Max. height Light Arctostaphylos uva-ursi Bearberry/ Kinnikinnick Berendruif 10 cm Soil Photo by Regis.gallois Harvest Edible parts Sept-Oct Fruit, leaves 91

97 Name English Dutch Galium odoratum (N) Sweet-scented bedstraw Lievevrouwebedstro Amphicarpaea bracteata Hog-peanut Bospinda Viola spp. (N) Violet Viooltje 92

98 Self seeders Calendula officinalis Name English Dutch Max. height Calendula officinalis Marigold Goudsbloem 60 cm Light Moisture Photo by Quirine ten Kate Harvest Edible parts Apr-Nov Flowers, Leaves Foeniculum officinale Name English Dutch Max. height Light Foeniculum officinale Fennel Venkelkruid 1.5 meter Moisture Photo by Magnus Manske Harvest Edible parts Leaves from Jan; Sep-Oct for seeds Leaves, Root, Seeds, Stem Borago officinalis Name English Dutch Borago officinalis Borage Komkommerkruid Max. height 60 cm Light Moisture Photo by Quirine ten Kate Harvest Edible parts Apr-Oct Flowers, Leaves 93

99 Matricaria chamomilla Name English Dutch Max. height Matricaria chamomilla Chamomile Kamille 50 cm Light Moisture Photo by JanRehschuh Harvest Edible parts Jun-Jul Flowers Valerianella locusta Name English Dutch Max. height Light Valerianella locusta Corn salad Veldsla 30 cm Moisture Photo by AnRo0002 Harvest Edible parts Year-round Leaves Tropaeolum nanum Name English Dutch Max. height Light Tropaeolum nanum Nasturtium Oost-Indische kers 30 cm Moisture Photo by Quirine ten Kate Harvest Edible parts May-Oct Flowers, Leaves, Seeds 94

100 Name English Dutch Centaurea cyanus Cornflower Korenbloem Petroselinum crispum Parsley Krulpeterselie 95

101 Vines Hablitzia tamnoides Name English Dutch Max. height Hablitzia tamnoides Caucasian spinach Kaukasische spinazie 3 meters Light Moisture Photo by LucasBrouns Harvest Edible parts Apr-Jun Leaves Humulus lupulus (C) (N) Name English Dutch Max. height Light Humulus lupulus Hop Hop 6 meters Moisture Photo by Rasbak Harvest Edible parts Sep-Oct Leaves, Flowers Lonicera spp. Name English Dutch Max. height Light Lonicera spp. Honeysuckle Kamperfoelie 5-6 meters Moisture Photo by Stefan.lefnaer Harvest Edible parts Jun-Jul Flowers, Root, Leaves, Seeds 96

102 Lonicera japonica Name English Dutch Max. height Lonicera japonica Japanese honeysuckle Japanse kamperfoelie 5 meters Light Moisture Photo by Mokkie Harvest Edible parts Jun-Jul Flowers, Leaves Tropaeolum majus Name English Dutch Max. height Light Tropaeolum majus Indian cress Oost-Indische kers 3.5 meters Moisture Photo by Takkk Harvest Edible parts May-Oct Flowers, Leaves, Oil, Seed, Seedpot Name English Dutch Lonicera caprifolium Goat-leaf honeysuckle Gewone kamperfoelie Lonicera periclymenum Honeysuckle Wilde kamperfoelie Lonicera japonica Japanese honeysuckle Japanse kamperfoelie 97

103 Non-edible plants Lavandula officinalis Name English Dutch Max. height Lavandula officinalis Lavender Lavendel 1.2 meters Light Moisture Harvest Apr-Oct Photo by Magnus Manske Edible parts Symphytum uplandicum Name English Dutch Max. height Symphytum uplandicum Comfrey Smeerwortel 1.20 meters Light Moisture Harvest - Photo by Evelyn Simak Edible parts - Hedera helix Name English Dutch Max. height Hedera helix Common ivy Klimop 15 meters Light Moisture Harvest - Photo by Sannicolasdeugarte Edible parts - 98

104 Parthenocissus quinquefolia Name English Dutch Max. height Parthenocissus quinquefolia Virginia creeper Vijfbladige wingerd 30 metres Light Moisture Harvest - Photo by Tasja Edible parts - Cymbalaria muralis Name English Dutch Max. height Cymbalaria muralis Kenilworth Ivy Muurleeuwenbek 0.4 meters Light Moisture Harvest - Photo by Algirdas Edible parts - Platanus occidentalis Name English Dutch Max. height Platanus occidentalis American sycamore Westerse plataan 30 meters Light Soil Harvest - Photo by Bruce Marlin Edible parts - 99

105 Appendix 2 List of stakeholders Groene Kennispoort Twente (Green Knowledge Portal Twente) An organization that works on the projects of agriculture, food, and sustainability based on trans-disciplinary cooperation. They emphasize the collaboration between educational institutions, government, entrepreneurs, and inhabitants of Twente to deliver projects in various places (159). The stakeholders who has been involved in their work are listed as a green network of Twente. For the current project, this list can help to provide potential stakeholders as well as the way to involve them. Stichting stadslandbouw Hof van Twente (Urban Agriculture Foundation) By focusing on urban agriculture, this foundation is seeking to create a vegetable garden in public areas of Twente. Through this garden, they want to connect the inhabitants, entrepreneurs, and governments, also to contribute to public greenery and plants cultivation in Goor (132). As food production and the collaboration of various stakeholders are the main concerns of the foundation, this foundation is one of the most logical options to be linked to the project. Moreover, as they have on-theground knowledge and hands-on experience about urban agriculture in Goor, they could be a big help to the project. Scouting Stoevelaargroep Goor (Scouting Association) This association is working closely with nature by organizing green activities for children. For the Green and Edible City of Goor, they could help to raise children s awareness on the edible plants in Goor. The children could learn by theory and by hands-on experience to create and maintain a small garden, harvest its crops and also to make homemade proceed food from the plants, for instance make homemade jam. Farmers The importance of farmers as stakeholders was mentioned by Hauck et al. (2016). He emphasized the role of farmers in the governance of agricultural biodiversity, especially related to land-use decisions. In Goor, despite the fact that only a few farmers are living in the city (133), they indeed are local inhabitants who potentially have a deep understanding about green spaces in the city and urban farming, also could provide valuable input in managing the areas. The awareness of inhabitants for the need of green infrastructure is necessary for ensuring the continuity of green infrastructure plots. It requires a special focus to raise the awareness especially on providing capacity building and guidance for all stakeholders (3). Farmers can be an option to help in raising inhabitant s awareness. Taking into account the locality of farmers in Goor and the knowledge that they have, farmers could have the capability to provide information regarding urban farming in Goor to the 100

106 inhabitants. A small workshop of urban farming can be organized in multiple green infrastructure plots, which facilitates the knowledge exchange between the farmers and inhabitants. Inclusion of farm advisors in such an event can deliver an educational training and information for the inhabitants (160). The transfer of knowledge is needed as the basis to enable better understanding, also to engage the inhabitants in the same platform (161). Aside from that, the role of farmers can be placed in the plan for festival. Farmers are welcomed to provide their locally produced foods from their farms. In Goor, as Hops are one of the local crops, the farmer of Hops could produce beer from their crops and sell it in the festival. This action is not only profitable for the farmers, but also to increase the value of local product of Goor. The added local value is beneficial as it leads to sustained outcomes of inhabitants awareness of local products, also the need of having those (162). This, indeed, relates to the practice of urban farming in Goor, in a sense that the higher demand of local product will affect the behaviour of inhabitants on producing the local food (163). Additionally, a small workshop of urban farming also could be preferred to be held during the festival. Kinderboerderij/speeltuin Het kukelnest (Children Farm/Playground) Surrounded by a physical learning environment such as a playground, also living animals and plants, Het Kukelnest is a place where children are able to play while also learn about nature (164). Related to our Green & Edible Goor project, the children could learn about edible plants as well as the variety of animals that are living around the plants. They also could be engaged in building a small garden, also to harvest and produce food out from their gardens. This experience will create awareness for children and parents in the green and edible plants of Goor. Doors Wide Open Working as a social organization, Doors Wide Open is providing support and assistance for low-income families in Twente. They provide clothes and food packages that can be obtained throughout the year at the collection point of the Doors Wide Open Shop. Other than that, they also send food weekly to some of the households (165). Since 2017, they initiated producing food by cultivating potatoes and making vegetable gardens on their own (10). The project to make Goor a green and edible city could be associated with the work that has been done by this organization. The plant list provided in this report could be of interest for their choice of crops, in the sense of expanding their food production scale. Goor Collectief Goor Collectief is an organisation of entrepreneurs in Goor. As a stakeholder, the organisation promotes the contact and collaboration between the members. Goor s collectief is involved in all kinds of activities and events in Goor. It is active, considers current topics and works on set goals. The organisation can possibly contribute to a Green & Edible Goor in several ways; it for example already has an idea to put planters with edible green in the city (see recommendations, planters)