Outline. International Child Abduction Incoming Cases. A comparison between the Netherlands, England & Wales, Sweden and Switserland

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International Child Abduction Incoming Cases A comparison between the Netherlands, England & Wales, Sweden and Switserland Merel Jonker Christina G.

1 International Child Abduction Incoming Cases A comparison between the Netherlands, England & Wales, Sweden and Switserland Merel Jonker Christina G. Jeppesen de Boer 26 November 2015 Outline Background Framework Mediation The Netherlands Comparison Position of the child (in the procedure and ) The Netherlands Comparison Discussion 1

2 Background Procedural evaluation commissioned by the Dutch Ministry of Justice Changes in the Netherlands from 2009: 1. Implementation of an expedious procedure (abbreviated procedure) in three fases 2. Additional legal aid for in incoming cases and establishment of the Mediation Bureau 3. Expediting the return procedure: Concentration of jurisdiction to the court of first instance and the court of appeal in the Hague, cassation limited 4. Abolition of the legal representation competence of the CA 5. Suspension of the enforcement of the court s decision in case of appeal unless Aim Central question: Have the recent legislative changes in the Netherlands been implemented in accordance with the aims and how do Dutch procedures compare to other jurisdictions with similar systems? Current practises in the Netherlands and how the procedure is experienced by the parties involved Comparison with: England & Wales, Sweden and Switserland Methods Literature study Process analysis (in the Netherlands) Interviews (in all jurisdictions) Interviews with parents (the Netherlands) 2

3 The research focus Expedious procedure Mediation Role of the CA Procedure generally Framework Hague Abduction Convention Mediation Guideline Ca Envisaged procedure Netherlands Fase 1a: verzoek bij Ca tot verzenden beoordelingsbrief (intake Ca) o.a. ontvangst application, beoordeling Ca max. 4 weken Advocatuur, MB Fase 1b: van advocatuur tot indienen, o.a. matching ouder aan advocaat,, indienen, max. 2 weken Rechtbank Fase 2: tot o.a. regiezitting,, MK zitting, rechtbank max. 6 weken Gerechtshof Fase 3: appelschrift tot gerechtshof, gerechtshof max. 6 weken 3

4 Findings: Time frame Fase Gemiddelde doorlooptijd Fase 1a: Intake Ca verzenden beoordelingsbrief 4 weken (28 dagen) 60 dagen 26 Aantal onderzochte zaken Fase 1b: Intake Ca advocatuur Fase 1: intake bij Caindienen Fase 2: Verzoekschrift rechtbank Fase 3: Hoger beroep gerechtshof 5 weken (35 dagen) 6 weken (42 dagen) 6 weken (42 dagen) 6 weken (42 dagen) 111 dagen dagen 6 62 dagen dagen 12 Mediation in the Netherlands Organisation: Mediation Bureau Method: Pressure Cooker Incorporated in procedure Financing Process analysis 24 procedures 12 were suitable for 10 children heard 12 agreements, of which 5 were confirmed 4

5 Findings: Mediation Most take place after the first hearing Approximately half of the cases are referred to Limited delay of procedure Approximately three out of five s result in a kind of agreement ( ) Engeland & Wales Recent developments: MIAM Legal aid Procedure generally Ca Procedure: Engeland & Wales Fase 1a: van intake bij Ca tot aan advocaat o.a. ontvangst application, marginale toetsing, matching ouder aan advocaat, Advocatuur Fase 1b: advocatuur tot indienen o.a. indienen High Justice Fase 2: tot o.a., High Justice Appeal Fase 3a: appelschrift tot Appeal, Appeal Supreme Court Fase 3b: appelschrift tot Supreme Court, Supreme Court doorlooptijd = 5

6 Mediation: Engeland & Wales Reunite Pressure Cooker (Not) incorporated in procedure Financing Ca Fase 1a: van intake bij Ca tot aan advocaat o.a. ontvangst application, marginale toetsing, matching ouder aan advocaat, Advocatuur Procedure: Sweden Fase 1b: advocatuur tot indienen o.a. indienen Stockholms tingsrätt Fase 2: tot, Stockholms tingsrätt Svea hovrätt Fase 3a: appelschrift tot Appeal, Appeal Fase 3b: appelschrift tot Supreme Court, Supreme Court doorlooptijd = Högsta domstolen Mediation: Sweden (No) organisation No pressure cooker Concilliation by judge Financing 6

7 Procedure: Switserland Ca Fase 1a: van intake bij Ca tot aan advocaat, o.a. ontvangst application, marginale toetsing,, matching ouder aan advocaat, Advocatuur Fase 1b: advocatuur tot indienen, o.a. indienen Obergericht kanton Fase 2: tot o.a., Obergericht Bundesgericht Fase 3: appelschrift tot Bundesgericht, Bundesgericht Mediation: Switserland ISS Only occationally structured Obligatory element of procedure Financing Mediation: comparison Specialised organisation The Netherlands and England (Switserland) Structure Pressure cooker (the Ntherlands and England) Incorporated in procedure In the Netherlands, less so in England Own responsibility of judge (Sweden and Switserland) 7

8 Position of the child: the Netherlands Hearing of children Representation of children Position of the child: England & Wales Hearing of children Representation of children Position of the child: Sweden Hearing of children Representation of children 8

9 Position of the child: Switserland Hearing of children Representation of children Conclusion Netherlands and England have a leading role when it comes to Should children have their own representation? Discussion Mediation at what moment? Before or after first hearing, in enforcement procedure? Legal representation of child? 9

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