Zomerse hitte in de stad

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Pieter de Groot
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1 Zomerse hitte in de stad Bert Holtslag Hoogleraar Meteorologie Wageningen University Presentatie voor WU Alumni, KNMI De Bilt, 25 November 2013

2 Mondiaal meer mensen in de stad

3 Why study urban areas? Warmest Validation of meso-scale model WRF Which complexity is required in WRF model Cooler Importance Cool of input parameters in WRF model Coupling WRF model and CFD model Warmer Urban areas significantly warmer than rural areas

Human Health is affected by (extreme) heat

mortality In Europe: 2003 heat wave: high

4 Human Health is affected by (extreme) heat In USA, yearly 170 deaths due to heat Ballaster et al. (2011) Increased temperature: increased mortality In Europe: 2003 heat wave: high excess mortality Figure taken from Institut Catala de Ciencas del Climate)

5 Even in the Netherlands Three persons in elderly house died due to heat Elderly use heat info call desk massively Heat protection plan abandoned Cities poorly protected against heat End of 16 day heatwave

6 Runners and homeguards unwell due to heat Motivation Social media Less trains because of heat Social problems increases Animal health Air Quality

7 Hoe werkt het? 1. Zonnestraling

8 Verkeer Electriciteit Hoe het werkt: 2. Warmtebronnen Industrie Samen ~10% van wat de zon levert Verwarming Activiteit

9 Hoe het werkt: 3 Warmtestraling Warmte-straling kan s nachts niet weg!

10 Hoe het werkt: 3 Warmtestraling Warmte-straling kan s nachts niet weg!

11 Hoe het werkt: 4 Weinig vegetatie Weinig verdamping. Verdamping kost energie Dus in de stad weinig verkoeling

12 Hoe het werkt: 5 Luchtvervuiling Luchtvervuiling vangt extra straling in

13 Hoe meten we het stadsklimaat? 1. Met satellieten DAG NACHT Dank aan Lisette Klok, TNO

14 Hoe meten we het stadsklimaat? 2. Met de fiets! Zonnestraling Warmtestraling Wind Temperatuur en vocht

15 Heat stress processes

16 Thus it is not only the temperature... Universal Thermal Comfort Index Thermo-physical balance of human body Human Comfort depends on human body physical properties including psychological and social factors.

17 Gevoelstemperatuur Rotterdam

18 Arnhem DAG NACHT

19 Urban heat island and thermal comfort Lack of long term routine observations in Dutch cities... Use validated hobby meteo data instead! See also Steeneveld et al, 2011, JGR

20 Results: Thermal comfort index (AWBGT) Considerable heat stress even in small villages!

21 Urban heat island effects (UHI): Temperature difference of cities with outside (non built up) area Considerable Urban Heat Island effects even in small villages

22 Results: Effect of Green areas

23 Link to population density.

24 Impact of lakes on human thermal comfort in the city: cooling or heating? See also Theeuwes et al, 2013, JGR

25 escience project Summer in the city The goal is to develop a novel prototype hourly forecasting system for human thermal comfort in urban areas on street level. Typical weather forecast for rural areas Forecast on urban street level (~100 m)

calculation algorithm development Wageningen Monitoring network (since june 2013) Temperature

26 Observations (previous years in Rotterdam, Arnhem, Utrecht,...) Instrumented cargo bike Radiation components Temperature Humidity Wind speed Heat Comfort calculation algorithm development Wageningen Monitoring network (since june 2013) Temperature Humidity Wind speed Design: Bert Heusinkveld Operated during campaigns Continuous measurements for validation of model forecasts and donwscaling algorithm

27 Wageningen observations: Stations and bike tracks Wageningen Hoog Rural Station Veenkampen Central

28 T 1.5 m ( C) Wageningen temperature observations 2 Augustus Veenkampen 25 Center Wageningen_Hoog :00 2:00 4:00 6:00 8:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00 0:00 2:00 Time (UTC)

29 Tale of two cities 2013: Wageningen 2014: Amsterdam

30 Conclusie Dorpen en steden warmer dan het landelijk gebied en minder comfortabel bij zomerse hitte Meer detail in weersverwachting en klimaatscenarios voor de stad Dank aan Bert Heusinkveld, Gert-Jan Steeneveld, Reinder Ronda, Jisk Attema, Michiel van der Harst, Sytse Koopmans, Natalie Theeuwes & Bert van Hove

31 References Heusinkveld, B.G., G.J. Steeneveld, L.W.A. van Hove, C.M.J. Jacobs, A.A.M. Holtslag, 2013: Spatial variability of the Rotterdam urban heat island as influenced by urban land use, J. Geophys. Res., under review. Steeneveld, G. J., S. Koopmans, B. G. Heusinkveld, L. W. A. van Hove, and A. A. M. Holtslag (2011), Quantifying urban heat island effects and human comfort for cities of variable size and urban morphology in the Netherlands, J. Geophys. Res., 116, D Steeneveld, G.J., S. Koopmans, B.G. Heusinkveld, and N.E. Theeuwes, 2014: Refreshing the role of open water surfaces on mitigating the maximum urban heat island effect, Landscape and Urban Planning, 121, Theeuwes,N.E., A. Solcerova, G.J. Steeneveld, 2013: Modeling the influence of open water surfaces on summertime temperatures and thermal comfort in the city, J. Geophys. Res. 118, , doi: /jgrd Theeuwes, N.E., G.J. Steeneveld, R.J. Ronda, B.G. Heusinkveld, L.W.A. van Hove and A.A.M. Holtslag, 2013: Seasonal Dependence of the Urban Heat Island on the Street Canyon Aspect Ratio, Quart.J. Roy. Meterol. Soc. in press

32 Staff Meteorology and Air Quality LUMEN, Spring, 2013

33 Four interrelated themes Weather and Climate Dynamics Urban Meteorology and Air Quality Boundary layer Meteorology and Atmosphere-Land interactions Air Quality and Atmospheric Chemistry Making a link between the local experience and the larger scale...

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