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1 Cover Page The handle holds various files of this Leiden University dissertation Author: Yuanyuan Zhao Title: Modelling the dynamics of the innovation process : a data-driven agent-based approach Issue Date:

2 SAMENVATTING Innovatie is een fascinerende proces om te bestuderen. Daarnaast is het zeer relevant om dit proces nader te onderzoeken, vooral bestuurlijk gezien en ook theoretisch gezien. (1) Bestuurlijk: innovatieprocessen zijn cruciaal bij het bepalen van de economische groei van een land, het succes van een onderneming en de levensstandaard van de mensen. (2) Theoretisch: innovatieprocessen zijn inherent dynamische fenomenen die dynamische theorieën nodig hebben om begrepen te worden. Edoch, een goed begrip van de dynamiek van innovatieprocessen, waarbij uitgelegd wordt hoe en waarom innovaties evolueren in de tijd, bestaat nog altijd niet. Technologische innovatie is een multi-niveau fenomeen. De bestaande theorieën richten zich of wel op het micro-niveau van de operationele gegevens of op het macroniveau van geaggregeerde trends. Deze theorieën missen evenwel een systematische visie op innovatieprocessen, en dat leidt weer tot een onvoldoende begrip van de dynamiek van technologische innovatie. Het beperkte inzicht in de dynamiek van innovatieprocessen maakt de besluitvorming over innovatie moeilijk. Besluitvormers, zoals innovatie-beleidsmakers en innovatiemanagers, beschikken niet over een geavanceerde en realistische procestheorie om hen de weg te wijzen door de wirwar van innovatieprocessen. Het modelleren van de dynamiek van innovatieprocessen om tot een geavanceerde procestheorie te komen is moeilijk, vooral omdat de empirische basis voor innovatieprocessen theorieën vereist over grote hoeveelheden gegevens. Het verzamelen van deze gegevens is een moeilijke en arbeidsintensieve onderneming. Maar tegenwoordig, met de huidige ontwikkeling van Internet en geavanceerde computertechnologie, kunnen de grote hoeveelheden gegevens veel gemakkelijker en goedkoper worden vastgelegd en opgenomen. Dit betekent dat we de werkelijke innovatieprocessen opnieuw dienen te onderzoeken. De beschikbaarheid van grote hoeveelheden gegevens stelt ons in staat zicht te krijgen op de details van de onderliggende innovatieprocessen en om patronen die nodig zijn voor adequate ondersteuning van de besluitvorming te onderzoeken. Met deze achtergrond wordt in dit onderzoek de volgende probleemstelling (PS) verkend.

3 PS: In hoeverre kunnen de nieuwe beschikbare grote hoeveelheden gegevens worden gebruikt om de besluitvorming over innovaties te verbeteren? Vanuit de bovenstaande probleemstelling, hebben we vier onderzoeksvragen (OVen) afgeleid. Onderzoeksvraag 1: Is het mogelijk om een data-gestuurde modelleringsmethode voor het bestuderen van innovatieprocessen te ontwikkelen? Onderzoeksvraag 2: Is het mogelijk om een geavanceerd model dat in staat is om twee schijnbaar tegenstrijdige modellen, namelijk het lineaire innovatiemodel en het cyclische innovatiemodel? Onderzoeksvraag 3: Wat betekent emergentie? En wat is het onderliggende mechanisme dat de emergentie vanuit technologische innovaties voortbrengt? Onderzoeksvraag 4: Is het mogelijk om het emergente proces van innovatie te simuleren om zo de besluitvorming door innovatie-managers en beleidsmakers te ondersteunen? Om de bovenstaande onderzoeksvragen te adresseren, maken we gebruik van een theoretisch kader van innovatieve systeemfuncties. We richten ons vervolgens op de interactiepatronen tussen deze functies. Functies verwijzen naar activiteiten die betrokken zijn bij een innovatieproces, en niet naar de acteurs. Op deze wijze leiden de functies tot een dynamische benadering van het modelleren. We laten vervolgens zien hoe deze functies kunnen worden gebruikt om bij te houden wat er na verloop van tijd werkelijk gebeurt in innovatieprocessen. Naast de theoretische basis gebruiken we drie uitvoerig gedocumenteerde case studies. Hun identificatie is: (1) de Nylon casus, (2) de SSRI casus, en (3) de Teflon casus. De historische gegevens zijn afkomstig van het internet, relevante boeken en wetenschappelijke publicaties. Hieronder geven we een korte samenvatting van elk hoofdstuk. Hoofdstuk 1 geeft een bescheiden inleiding op de motivatie van dit onderzoek. Het beschrijft het belang van innovatie en de moeilijkheid van de besluitvorming tijdens innovaties. De recente beschikbaarheid van grote hoeveelheden data wordt benadrukt; dit kan immers leiden tot effectievere besluitvorming bij innovaties. Hoofdstuk 2 geeft antwoord op OV1. Dit hoofdstuk beschrijft een nieuwe datagestuurde modelleringsmethode voor innovatieproces-studies. De methode beoogt te profiteren van de snelle ontwikkeling van Internet en de digitale gegevensbronnen om uiteindelijk een geavanceerde procestheorie te ontwikkelen. We krijgen grip op de 248

4 uitwisseling van de mainstream benaderingen die ofwel (1) rijke beschrijvingen van individuele gevallen bevatten of (2) gegeneraliseerde maar ondiepe modellen aanbieden. De uitwisseling van onsamenhangende details wordt overwonnen door het combineren van kwalitatieve, kwantitatieve en simulatie-analyse. Hoofdstuk 3 geeft antwoord op OV2. Dit hoofdstuk past de data-gestuurde modelleringsmethode die ontwikkeld is in hoofdstuk 2 toe op de algemene structuur van innovatieprocessen. Er wordt een geïntegreerd innovatie-model geformuleerd dat is ontworpen op basis van het begrijpen van de meer fijnkorrelige patronen die ten grondslag liggen aan innovaties. In het bijzonder kunnen we stellen dat ons model de schijnbaar tegenstrijdige modellen, namelijk het lineaire innovatiemodel en het cyclische innovatiemodel, adequaat integreert. Door middel van het modelleren van activiteiten en het identificeren van interactiepatronen van de activiteiten, is dit hoofdstuk in staat om de consistentie van de verschillende perspectieven te laten zien. Hoofdstuk 4 geeft antwoord op OV3. Dit hoofdstuk onderzoekt de emergente eigenschappen van innovatiesystemen en geeft bestuurlijke adviezen over hoe de emergentie van technologische innovaties mogelijk gemaakt kan worden. Eerst wordt een expliciete definitie van emergentie gegeven. Vervolgens wordt een theoretische verklaring van het onderliggende mechanisme van emergentie geformuleerd. Daarna wordt uiteengezet wat R&D en innovatie-managers kunnen doen om emergentie te gebruiken. Hoofdstuk 5 geeft antwoord op OV4. Dit hoofdstuk beschrijft een simulatiemodel van het emergente gedrag van technologische innovaties. De emergentie wordt gesimuleerd als een collectieve geordende verzameling die het gevolg is van actiereactie ketens van heterogene activiteiten. Het simulatiemodel is gekalibreerd en geverifieerd met behulp van een casus over empirische innovatie, namelijk de Nyloninnovatie. Zeven what-if scenario's zijn ontworpen om het effect van verschillende interventies op het innovatietraject te testen. Hoofdstuk 6 eindigt met een samenvatting van de antwoorden op de onderzoeksvragen 1 tot 4 en het geven van een antwoord op de probleemstelling. Er vindt reflectie plaats over de belangrijkste bijdragen en beperkingen van het onderzoek. Voorts worden er aanbevelingen gedaan voor toekomstig onderzoek. De studie kent drie belangrijke bijdragen. (1) De studie draagt bij aan Data Science door een nieuwe benadering van kwalitatieve gegevens te analyseren. (2) Het draagt bij aan de theorievorming over het innovatieproces door middel van een geavanceerd innovatiemodel dat schijnbaar tegenstrijdige innovatie-modellen combineert alsmede door middel van theoretisch onderzoek naar de emergentie van technologische 249

5 innovaties. (3) Het draagt bij aan de besluitvorming over innovaties door het verstrekken van een meer omvattend begrip over hoe en waarom innovatie evolueert in de tijd, als ook door de beschrijving van een simulatiemodel voor de ondersteuning van de besluitvorming. Tenslotte geeft de thesis een visie op de toekomst. We stellen voor om de samenwerking tussen data science en social science te intensiveren. 250

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