DEPRIVEDHOODS: Socio-spatial inequality, deprived neighbourhoods, and neighbourhood effects

Maat: px

Weergave met pagina beginnen:

Download "DEPRIVEDHOODS: Socio-spatial inequality, deprived neighbourhoods, and neighbourhood effects"

Jelle van der Meer
7 jaren geleden
Aantal bezoeken:

1 DEPRIVEDHOODS: Socio-spatial inequality, deprived neighbourhoods, and neighbourhood effects Prof. Dr. Maarten van Ham Delft University of Technology, 20 May

2 2

3 2001 riots Bradford, England Riots Paris, France riots London, England 2013 riots Stockholm 3

4 Gemengde wijkenbeleid Overheden door heel Europa hebben gemengde wijkenbeleid aangenomen om veronderstelde negatieve effecten van het wonen in achterstandswijken tegen te gaan. Mengen zou leiden tot het verbeteren van de leefbaarheid op wijkniveau, maar ook tot sociale mobiliteit van de oorspronkelijke bewoners van achterstandswijken. Hoofdinstrument is het mengen van koop en (sociale) huur in wijken. 4

5 Wijkenbeleid deels gebaseerd op geloof in buurteffecten Buurteffect: Het veronderstelde negatieve effect van het wonen in een achterstandsbuurt op de gezondheid, inkomen, kansen op werk etc. van inwoners van zo n wijk (gecontroleerd voor andere individuele kenmerken zoals opleiding). Dit geloof heeft deels geleid tot beleid dat streeft naar gemengde wijken door sloop en nieuwbouw. 5

6 Whitfield, Dundee (UK)

7 Potential causal pathways (Galster, 2011) Social-Interactive Mechanisms: Social contagion Collective socialization Social networks Social cohesion and control Competition Relative deprivation Parental mediation Geographical Mechanisms: Spatial mismatch Public services Environmental Mechanisms: Exposure to violence Physical surroundings (built environment) Toxic exposure Institutional Mechanisms: Stigmatization Local institutional resources Local market actors & facilities 7

8 8

9 Is er empirisch bewijs voor buurteffecten? There is surprisingly little evidence that living in poor neighbourhoods makes people poorer and erodes their life chances, independently of those factors that contribute to their poverty in the first place. (Paul Cheshire, JRF, 2007) Empirical conclusions regarding neighbourhood effect mechanisms should be treated as provisional best. (Galster, 2010) Het meeste bewijs laat een correlatie zien tussen buurtkenmerken en individuele uitkomsten, maar geen CAUSALE verbanden. 9

10 Wat is het (meet)probleem? Wonen in een achterstandswijk? Inkomen 10

11 11 Bron:

12 12

13 Alternatively, DEPRIVEDHOODS proposes to use nationally representative longitudinal data to follow individuals over time as they move into and out of neighbourhoods to study causal neighbourhood effects. Within individual lives Between generations 13

14 2,25 million Euro, 5-years, 10 people in 5 universities in 4 countries VERY large longitudinal register data Georeferenced countries, Data from data NL, SE, EE, UK Advanced statistical methods DEPRIVEDHOODS 14

15 DEPRIVEDHOODS will go beyond thestate-of-the-art in various ways It will offer ONE integrated theoretical framework of neighbourhood change, neighbourhood sorting, neighbourhood choice and neighbourhood effects. It proposes a better way to make neighbourhoods operational. It takes a unique long-term perspective: including individual neighbourhood histories and intergenerational neighbourhood effects. And it explicitly incorporates neighbourhood choice and neighbourhood histories in models of neighbourhood effects. 15

16 Objectives of DEPRIVEDHOODS 1. To develop a holistic theoretical framework. 2. To operationalize neighbourhoods better and to develop and use alternative bespoke neighbourhood geographies. 3. To advance our understanding of neighbourhood change, and changing spatial concentrations of disadvantage and poverty. 4. To understand individual (household) neighbourhood choice, and individual neighbourhood histories over longer periods of time. 5. To incorporate neighbourhood choice and neighbourhood histories explicitly in models of neighbourhood effects. 6. To analyse the effects of other spatial contexts on individual outcomes. 7. To use the outcomes of DEPRIVEDHOODS to critically reflect on the effectiveness of area-based policies designed to tackle poverty and inequality in cities. 16

17 Data NL: Social Statistical Database (SSD), the entire population of the Netherlands, from , and data from a range of government registers. Can be linked to survey data. SE: GeoSweden database, a longitudinal register-based database with information on all individuals who have resided in Sweden at some point since UK: Longitudinal Studies for England and Wales (ONS-LS) and Scotland (SLS), and Understanding Society. ONS-LS is a 1% nationally representative sample of the England and Wales Census population. SLS is a 5.3% sample. EE: Statistics Estonia developed an Estonian longitudinal individual level database that brings together information from the two last censuses carried out in 2000 and 2011, and from the Estonian Population Register since Detailed local geographies are added to the data. 17

18 Methodological challenge 18

19 19

20 20

21 21

22 22

23 23

24 24

25 25

26 Collaboration challenge How to use each others data accross 4 countries? How to access each others output?. 26

27 'The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Research Council under the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP/ ) / ERC Grant Agreement n (ERC Consolidator Grant DEPRIVEDHOODS, Socio-spatial inequality, deprived neighbourhoods, and neighbourhood effects) 27

28 Neighbourhood histories (10% sample) of those leaving the parental home by parental neighbourhood quintile 1 (HIGH INCOME NEIGHBOURHOOD) HIGH LOW Source: GeoSweden (own calculations) 28

29 Neighbourhood histories (10% sample) of those leaving the parental home by parental neighbourhood quintile 5 (LOW INCOME NEIGHBOURHOOD) HIGH LOW Source: GeoSweden (own calculations) 29

30 Neighbourhood histories , ethnic minorities (full population) with parental neighbourhood quintile 5 (LOW INCOME NEIGHBOURHOOD) HIGH LOW Source: GeoSweden (own calculations) 30

Vergelijkbare documenten

Impact en disseminatie. Saskia Verhagen Franka vd Wijdeven

Impact en disseminatie. Saskia Verhagen Franka vd Wijdeven Impact en disseminatie Saskia Verhagen Franka vd Wijdeven Wie is wie? Voorstel rondje Wat hoop je te leren? Heb je iets te delen? Wat zegt de Programma Gids? WHAT DO IMPACT AND SUSTAINABILITY MEAN? Impact