CO 2 capture overview

Transcriptie

1 CO 2 capture overview Ruud van den Brink, Daan Jansen

2 CO 2 emissions are rising faster than in the most pessimistic scenario Source: PNAS, 22 May, 2007

3 Energy scenario: 65% lower CO 2 emission in 2050 in the EU [EJ] Energy saving Much more renewable Nuclear remains stable BaU CO 2 emission -65% More coal (with CCS!) Gas Oil/liquids Coal/solids Nuclear Hydro Solar Wind Biomass Geothermal

4 [Mton] In 2050: more CO 2 is captured than emitted CO2 from power sector CO2 from (other) conversion) CO2 from industry CO2 from transport CO2 from residential, commercial CO2 from agriculture Total capture

5 CO 2 capture, transport and storage

6 CO 2 capture options

7 Post-combustion CO 2 capture: Conventional technology Chemical CO 2 solvents: Amines Industrial practice - Yes, but at a much smaller scale Pros and Cons + Existing technology + Retrofit to existing power plant designs +/- Extra removal of NOx and SOx necessary Energy penalty due to solvent regeneration Loss of solvent

8 Post-combustion CO 2 capture Technology in development Novel solvents - Lower regeneration energy (TNO, Shell, Procede) Membrane contactors (TNO) Membrane permeation (KEMA)

9 Post-combustion CO 2 capture: Demonstrations and plans

10 Pre-combustion CO 2 capture: Conventional technology air separation Industrial hydrogen production - Chemical solvents - Physical solvents - Coal Gasification Industrial practice - Solvents: Yes - Coal gasification: only four IGCC plants Pros and Cons + Existing technology + Very low emissions Cooling of gas to capture CO 2 necessary Efficiency loss in water-gas-shift section CO 2 coal gasification gas cleaning water-gasshift CO 2 separation H 2 GTCC

11 Pre-combustion CO2 capture Technology in development Membrane reactors (ECN) - Integrated reforming and CO2 separation - Hydrogen-selective membranes Sorption-enhanced Water-Gas-Shift - CO2 sorbents New physical solvent processes (TNO)

12 Pre-combustion CO 2 capture: Demonstrations and plans NUON Magnum

13 Oxyfuel combustion CO 2 capture: Conventional technology Cryogenic air separation Industrial practice - Large scale experience Fischer- Tropsch plants Pros and Cons + Existing technology + Simple process scheme High energy input for air separation Combustion in pure oxygen is complicated air separation O 2 fuel combustion CO 2 H 2 O

14 Pre-combustion CO 2 capture Technology in development Oxygen-selective membranes (ECN, KEMA) Solid oxygen separation (Twente, TNO) Chemical looping combustion

15 Pre-combustion CO 2 capture: Demonstrations and plans Vattenfal: Schwarze Pumpe (D) 30 MW pilot plant

16 CO 2 capture causes an efficiency penalty

17 7 Electricity costs of power plants with of CO 2 capture State of the art Advanced 6 Cost of Electricity, ct / kwh (2004) COAL GAS PC NGCC 0 PC IGCC NGCC IGCC advanced CG-CES IGCC-SOFC NGCC advanced CLC AZEP NGCC-SOFC capital fuel o&m CO2 pipeline CO 2 storage Kay Damen, Utrecht University

18 Cost caluculations have a high uncertainty Capital costs for NGCC with CO 2 capture Kårstø: Shell/Statoil plant in Norway Source:

19 Conclusions For post-, pre-, and oxyfuel combustion CO 2 capture technology exists Technology is in development to reduced the efficiency penalty Costs are hard to compare and very difficult to estimate

20 Stellingen CO 2 afvangst zal vrijwel alleen bij kolen plaatsvinden

21 Stellingen Voor afvangst van CO 2 en grootschalige elektriciteitsproductie is kolenvergassing de enige optie voor nieuwbouw.

22 Stellingen De aandacht voor "schoon fossiel" staat in schril contrast tot het belang van deze techniek voor onze klimaatdoelstellingen (dit kan zowel politieke als media-aandacht zijn). Dit terwijl de publieke acceptatie essentieel is voor deze technologie.

23 Stellingen Er moet een onafhankelijk budget komen voor Schoon Fossiel onderzoek, in het belang van iedere belastingbetaler.

24 Stellingen De mogelijkheden voor toepassing van keramische membranen zijn verder ontwikkeld dan de produktietechnologie ervan.