Uitreiking Prijzen. 20 juni Mignot Afstudeerprijs. UFe/Océ Ontwerpprijs. ASML Promotieprijs

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1 Uitreiking Prijzen 20 juni 2007 Mignot Afstudeerprijs UFe/Océ Ontwerpprijs ASML Promotieprijs

2 Uitreiking Prijzen Mignot-UFe/Océ-ASML Voorwoord De Technische Universiteit Eindhoven staat voor hoogstaand en vernieuwend onderzoek. De universiteit vindt het ook belangrijk deze kennis over te dragen naar het bedrijfsleven en is een partner in allerlei samenwerkings- en researchprojecten met de hightech industrie. Wij werken nauw samen met vooraanstaande en innovatieve bedrijven als Océ Technologies BV en ASML. De Mignot Afstudeerprijs, de UFe/Océ Ontwerpprijs en de ASML Promotieprijs onderstrepen het belang van deze samenwerking. De genomineerde afstudeerwerken, ontwerpopdrachten en promotieonderzoeken maken aanschouwelijk dat het delen van kennis veel oplevert, zowel voor de wetenschap als voor het bedrijfsleven. Ik nodig u uit door dit boekje te bladeren en kennis te maken met veelbelovende genomineerde ingenieurs, technologische ontwerpers en promovendi. Dit zijn de mensen van de toekomst. Zij zullen de komende decennia een belangrijke rol spelen in het aanjagen en vormgeven van nieuwe ontwikkelingen in wetenschap én industrie. De prijsuitreiking wordt mogelijk gemaakt door de donateurs van de prijzen: de familie Mignot, Océ Technologies BV, het Universiteitsfonds en ASML. Dankzij hen kunnen wij jaarlijks deze drie prijzen uitreiken, een traditie die onze universiteit graag nog lang wil voortzetten. Namens de TU/e wil ik alle winnaars van harte feliciteren met hun voortreffelijke prestatie. Ik hoop dat deze prijs een stimulans is voor een succesvolle loopbaan. Prof.dr.ir. C.J. van Duijn Rector Magnificus 1

3 Inhoud Mignot Afstudeerprijs UFe/Océ Ontwerpprijs ASML Promotieprijs Mignot Afstudeerprijs pag. 3 Juryrapport pag. 4 ir. K. van Ommering Technische Natuurkunde pag. 6 ir. L. Cacace Werktuigbouwkunde pag. 7 ir. M.R. Hamers Werktuigbouwkunde pag. 8 ir. M. Heisen Biomedische Technologie pag. 9 ir. J.L.G. Janssen Elektrotechniek pag. 10 ir. M.F.P. van t Land Technologie Management pag. 11 ir. R. Lavrijsen Technische Natuurkunde pag. 12 ir. P.G. van Leuven Elektrotechniek pag. 13 ir. M. Meeuwse Scheikundige Technologie pag. 14 ir. G. Mulder Biomedische Technologie pag. 15 ir. E.T. van Rest Technologie Management pag. 16 ir. J. Voermans Bouwkunde pag. 17 ir. D. Witvoet Bouwkunde pag. 18 UFe/Océ Ontwerpprijs pag. 19 Juryrapport pag. 20 ir. M.C.B. Verdonk PDEng. Software Technology pag. 22 ir. J.J.M. Bontemps PDEng. Design and Technology of Instrumentation pag. 23 drs.ir. T.J.P. Goossens PDEng. Architectural Design Management Systems pag. 24 I. Ichsan MSc.PDEng. Process and Product Design pag. 25 G.G. Nellar MSc.PDEng. Logistics Management Systems pag. 26 Y. Zhang MSc.PDEng. User System Interaction pag. 27 ASML Promotieprijs pag. 29 Juryrapport pag. 30 dr. A.K. Alves De Medeiros Technologie Management pag. 32 dr.ir. S.H.A. Boers Werktuigbouwkunde pag. 33 dr.ir. E.H.A. Beckers Scheikundige Technologie pag. 34 dr.ir. B.H.P. Broks Technische Natuurkunde pag. 35 dr. P.Y.W. Dankers Biomedische Technologie pag. 36 dr.ir. J.W. Frens Industrial Design pag. 37 dr.ir. R.A.H. Niessen Scheikundige Technologie pag. 38 dr.ir. Gerrit Oosterhuis PDEng. Technische Natuurkunde pag. 39 2

4 MIGNOT Afstudeerprijs Voor het beste afstudeerwerk en -verslag aan de TU/e De Mignot Afstudeerprijzen zijn in 1985 ingesteld. Deze prijzen worden jaarlijks uitgereikt aan de afgestudeerden aan de TU/e met het beste afstudeerwerk en -verslag uit het daaraan voorafgaande kalenderjaar. De prijzen worden beschikbaar gesteld door Mignot & de Block. De eerste prijs bedraagt euro en de tweede prijs bedraagt euro. De uitreiking vindt jaarlijks plaats. Iedere afgestudeerde aan een van de faculteiten van de TU/e kan meedingen, mits het rapport actueel, vernieuwend en relevant is voor één of meer bedrijven. Er zijn voor dit jaar dertien afstudeerwerken genomineerd uit zeven verschillende faculteiten. 3

5 MIGNOT Afstudeerprijs Juryrapport 2007 Voor de Mignot Afstudeerprijs 2007 zijn dertien afstudeerprojecten genomineerd, uitgevoerd bij zeven faculteiten. De jury heeft de afstudeerprojecten beoordeeld aan de hand van de volgende criteria: het afstudeerverslag dient vernieuwende en innovatieve elementen te bevatten; het verslag dient een goede theoretische onderbouwing te bevatten en van een toetsbaar goed wetenschappelijk niveau te zijn; de resultaten van het afstudeerwerk moeten in principe publiceerbaar zijn in (internationale) wetenschappelijke vaktijdschriften; het afstudeerwerk dient verricht te zijn met een grote mate van zelfstandigheid van de student; het verslag dient duidelijk geschreven te zijn, bij voorkeur in de Engelse taal. Op grond van deze criteria heeft de jury de volgende twee afstudeerprojecten als prijswinnaars geselecteerd. 1 e prijs De eerste Mignot Afstudeerprijs is toegekend aan ir. K. van Ommering van de faculteit Technische Natuurkunde met haar afstudeerproject getiteld Magnetic properties of sub-micrometer superparamagnetic beads used for biosensors. Afstudeerhoogleraar: prof.dr.ir. B. Koopmans Afstudeerbegeleider: prof.dr. M.W.J. Prins Tijdens haar afstudeerproject heeft Kim van Ommering zich beziggehouden met magnetische biosensoren. Haar afstudeerproject maakte deel uit van een samenwerking tussen de TU/e en Philips Research op dit gebied. Magnetische biosensoren zijn sensoren waarin magnetische nanodeeltjes gebruikt worden om gevoelig en snel biologische stoffen te meten. Voor een optimale werking van deze sensoren is het belangrijk om de magnetische eigenschappen van individuele magnetische nanodeeltjes te kunnen meten. Met bestaande technieken is dit niet mogelijk. Tijdens haar afstudeeropdracht heeft Kim van Ommering een techniek ontwikkeld waarmee dit wel mogelijk is. Om de magnetische eigenschappen van individuele nanodeeltjes te meten is het noodzakelijk kleine magnetische velden te combineren met grote veldgradiënten en kleine verplaatsingen te meten tegen een achtergrond van grote thermische fluctuaties. Om dit mogelijk te maken construeerde Kim van Ommering een magnetische val op een chip. De val wordt opgewekt door middel van lithografisch gedefinieerde stroomdraden, die kleine velden en toch voldoende grote veldgradiënten leveren. Optisch bepaalde zij heel nauwkeurig het gedrag van individuele nanodeeltjes in de val en liet zien dat de veranderingen van de thermische fluctuaties een goede maat vormen voor de magnetische susceptibiliteit van de individuele nanodeeltjes. De techniek die Kim van Ommering tijdens haar afstudeeronderzoek heeft ontwikkeld vormt een compleet nieuwe benadering in dit veld van onderzoek. Haar afstudeerproject is zo vernieuwend en van een zodanig hoge kwaliteit dat het heeft geresulteerd in een artikel in het internationale vaktijdschrift Applied Physics Letters. Dit artikel heeft de aandacht getrokken van de redactie van het Virtual Journal of Nanoscale Science & Technology, die het vervolgens ook publiceerde. Beide publicaties vormen een duidelijke erkenning voor de originaliteit, het 4

6 uitstekende wetenschappelijke niveau en de brede relevantie van het onderzoek van Kim van Ommering. Zij is een getalenteerd onderzoeker en werkt op dit moment aan een vervolgonderzoek als promovendus bij de nieuwe onderzoeksgroep Moleculaire Biosensoren voor Medische Diagnostiek (MBx) van prof.dr. Menno Prins, dr. Leo van Ijzendoorn en dr.ir. Arthur de Jong bij de faculteit Technische Natuurkunde. 2 e prijs De tweede Mignot Afstudeerprijs is toegekend aan ir. L. Cacace van de faculteit Werktuigbouwkunde met zijn afstudeerproject getiteld Development of a nanometer accuracy non-contact probe for NANOMEFOS. Afstudeerhoogleraar: prof.dr.ir. M. Steinbuch Afstudeerbegeleider: dr.ir. N. Rosielle Lennino Cacace leverde met zijn afstudeeropdracht een belangrijke bijdrage aan het NANOMEFOS project. Binnen dit project werken de TU/e, TNO Industrie en Techniek, het Nederlands Meetinstituut en het Engelse National Physical Laboratory, samen aan het ontwikkelen van een geschikt systeem voor het meten van free-form optische oppervlakken. Free-form optische componenten worden veel gebruikt in high-end optische systemen, zoals telescopen, ruimtevaartinstrumenten en lithografische systemen omdat de optische kwaliteit veel hoger is en de componenten veel kleiner en lichter. Dit soort high-end systemen vereisen echter nanometernauwkeurigheid en bestaande meetinstrumenten hadden daarvoor niet de juiste specificaties. Daarom ontwierp Lennino Cacace een contactloze taster die de absolute vorm van een oppervlak tot op de nanometer nauwkeurig kan meten, zonder het oppervlak te beschadigen. Deze taster zal een essentieel onderdeel vormen van de uiteindelijke NANOMEFOS meetmachine. Dat Lennino Cacace met zijn onderzoek de Corus Young Talent Graduation Prize van de KNAW in de wacht sleepte, geeft aan hoe hoog de kwaliteit van zijn onderzoek is. In het uitvoeren van dit project heeft Lennino Cacace een zeer grote mate van zelfstandigheid aan de dag gelegd. De jury was onder de indruk van zijn gedegen wetenschappelijke aanpak en vaardigheid in het uitvoeren van experimenten. Lennino Cacace werkt momenteel via zijn eigen bedrijf AC Optomechanix aan projecten voor het bedrijfsleven op het gebied van precisie technologie, optomechanica en (opto)mechatronica. Eindhoven, 20 juni 2007 De jury van de Mignot Afstudeerprijs: Prof.dr.ir. J.H. Blom, voorzitter Prof.dr.ir. J.C. Fransoo, lid Prof.dr.ir. J.J.H. Brouwers, lid 5

7 Technische Natuurkunde ir. K. van Ommering 1 e Mignot Afstudeerprijs 2007 Kim van Ommering (1982) studeerde in 2006 cum laude af aan de faculteit Technische Natuurkunde van de TU/e. Haar afstudeerwerk is gepubliceerd in Applied Physics Letters. Momenteel vervolgt zij dit werk bij Philips Research in een promotieonderzoek. In haar vrije tijd is ze graag bezig met koken en yoga. Magnetic Characterization of Individual Magnetic Nanoparticles for Application in a Magnetic Biosensor Magnetic biosensors have a promising future in the domain of handheld sensors that can rapidly detect very low concentrations of molecules in body fluids such as saliva, urine, and blood. This can greatly improve medical diagnostics, for example in the field of cardiac health. In a magnetic biosensor, molecules are labeled with superparamagnetic particles and detected with a sensor, for example a giant magnetoresistance (GMR) sensor. For accurate detection it is essential to know the magnetic properties of the particles, down to a single particle level. Optical Monitoring of Particles on a Chip In this graduation project I measured the magnetic susceptibility of individual nanoparticles with a diameter of nm. The particles were suspended in a fluid on a chip with integrated current wires that induce magnetic fields. The motion of the particles was monitored with a high magnification microscope. The particle susceptibility was derived in two ways: using the existing technique of magnetophoretic analysis and using a new technique based on the analysis of confined Brownian motion of the particles. Magnetophoretic Analysis Magnetophoretic analysis is based on measuring the speed of a particle in a magnetic field gradient. For particles smaller than 1000 nm very high field gradients are needed to obtain speeds significantly higher than the Brownian motion. I used current wires in the chip surface to pull particles over the surface. Differences in particle susceptibilities of a factor of two were observed. A new chip has been designed which is even more suitable for magnetophoretic measurements. However, the accuracy of this technique remains limited due to the disturbance of Brownian motion. Confined Brownian Motion Analysis I developed a new technique that exploits the Brownian motion and is therefore more suitable for smaller particles. The particle susceptibility is calculated by analyzing the confined Brownian motion of the particles trapped in a magnetic potential well generated by a current wire on a chip. Differences in particle susceptibility of a factor of ten were observed. An advantage of this technique compared to magnetophoretic analysis is that the susceptibility is measured independent of the hydrodynamic radius of the particles, and is therefore more accurate. 6

8 Werktuigbouwkunde 2 e Mignot Afstudeerprijs 2007 ir. L. Cacace Lennino Cacace graduated in He currently works on projects through the company he founded during his MSc. project, AC Optomechanix. With his work he won the prestigious Corus Young Talent Graduation Prize of the Koninklijke Hollandsche Maatschappij der Wetenschappen. His personal interests include photography, backpacking, and playing the drums. Development of a Nanometer Accuracy Non-contact Probe for NANOMEFOS Free-form optics are used in high-end optical systems like telescopes, space-going instruments, and lithography systems. Their use is growing at a rapid pace because in many cases the use of free-form optics, compared to traditional optics, enables the realization of lighter and smaller optical systems while achieving higher performance. However, at present, a universal high-precision measurement tool for such free-form optics is lacking. Therefore, the TU/e, TNO, and NMi VSL have started a joint project to develop NANOMEFOS, a coordinate measurement machine to satisfy this need. NANOMEFOS relies on the use of a non-contact distance measurement probe with nanometer accuracy at large acceptance angles. No existing probe, commercial nor experimental, has been found which meets the required combination of specifications. For this reason, a new type of probe has been developed. Requirements of the probe are, among others, 5 mm measurement range, 1 nm resolution, and a 2σ measurement uncertainty of 10 nm at 0 surface inclination and 35 nm at 5 surface inclination. The measurement system is based on a differential confocal principle of which the objective lens is scanned by a servo to increase range. The servo loop is made using the signal of the differential confocal system while distance measurement is obtained by adding the confocal and interferometer signals. Existing single-point optical probes suffer from the phenomenon that distance measurement is dependent on surface tilt. To solve this problem two separate solutions were invented which work in synergy. Due to an application for a patent, however, they can not be covered here. Analytical models describing the differential confocal system have been developed. On the basis of these models, numerical calculations and simulations have been performed allowing for optimization of system properties. A test set-up for the differential confocal system has been designed and built to validate the models. Results obtained using the set-up are, among others; a sensitivity of 8 V/µm and 0.1 nm electrical resolution. Furthermore an optical layout incorporating a differential confocal system and interferometer into a compact integral optical design was developed. At present a working probe for NANOMEFOS is being realized in hardware. 7

9 Werktuigbouwkunde ir. M.R. Hamers Martijn Hamers was born on in Oss, in He received his MSc. degree (Cum Laude) in Mechanical Engineering in He now works at the Mechatronics Department of Philips Applied Technologies. His hobbies are travelling, skiing, field hockey, model trains, and autonomous robots. Modeling of Actuator-Related Servo Error Sources in a New 6-DOF Planar Actuator Introduction Philips Applied Technologies performs research on the control design for highperformance electromechanical systems. A new planar actuator technology is being developed for high-accuracy stage applications. The schematic top view of such a new type of planar actuator is depicted in Figure 1. Four separate actuators, above a permanent magnet array, deliver a main force in horizontal and vertical direction (indicated in red). Together they form a 6-DOF frictionless electromechanical actuator that can be operated in a vacuum. Due to imperfections in the actuation chain of the actuator, such as amplifier errors, commutation errors, and a non-ideal magnetic field distribution, the mapping from desired controller forces into physical actuator forces is not equal to identity. Hence, these imperfections disturb the intended force profile and therefore induce so-called actuatorrelated servo errors. Accurate knowledge of the disturbance sources and their underlying physics is required to improve the servo behavior of the actuator. z y x Approach First, analytical (two-dimensional) and numerical (three-dimensional, FEM) techniques, based on the Maxwell equations, are used to characterize and quantify the effect of actuation chain imperfections on the force production of the actuator. Subsequently, a detailed model of the actuation chain is synthesized in Simulink to compare and validate the disturbance models with observations from an experimental planar actuator setup. Using the insights obtained during the modeling phase, several compensation and calibration procedures are proposed. A novel, extended, commutation algorithm, to cope with the non-ideal magnetic field distribution, is derived. The analytical expression of socalled dive-torques generated by the planar actuator is used to derive a simple but effective compensation scheme. Figure 1: The planar actuator layout, based on four symmetric three-phase actuators consisting of three coils each [1]. Permanent magnets (with magnetization direction as indicated) are placed in an array with a checkerboard configuration which is rotated over 45 degrees with respect to the actuator coils. 1 Results & Conclusions The dive-torque compensation scheme is validated on an experimental planar actuator setup and the result for one DOF is presented in Figure 2. The original servo behavior clearly shows low frequent disturbance behavior introduced by the actuator dive-torques. With the model based compensation scheme a reduction of 60% in absolute servo error can be achieved. It is shown that with the new and detailed insight to the effect of actuation chain imperfections on the force disturbance produced by a 6-DOF electromechanical actuator, the servo behavior can be improved considerably. Error [ ] Position [m] Bibliography [1] Compter, J.C., Electro-dynamic planar motor, Precision Engineering, 28(2): , April Figure 2: Scaled servo error without (blue) and with (red) model based dive-torque compensation. 8

10 Biomedische Technologie ir. M. Heisen Image analysis, signal analysis, modeling, or MR imaging techniques? Luckily, I found a project combining all of these fields. Additionally, this research may deliver a small contribution to the quality of breast cancer diagnosis. I have worked on it with great enthusiasm and I am still doing so, as a PhD. student. Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Dynamic Contrast-enhanced MR Breast Images MRI in Breast Cancer Screening MRI is becoming an important modality for the screening of women at high risk to develop breast cancer. These women should enter a screening program at a young age. As conventional X-ray screening shows a reduced sensitivity due to the high breast-tissue density in young women, MRI is the modality of choice, allowing early detection and thus, hopefully, better treatment prospects. Imaging Cancer Tumor malignancy is often accompanied by a high vascularization and a high vessel-wall permeability caused by angiogenesis. As a result, once the contrast is administered, more of it will flow into these suspicious regions and will leak from the blood stream into the tissue. This is why suspicious regions show up brightly during a dynamic contrastenhanced (DCE) MR image series (Figure 1). In this research, the contrast-agent uptake as a function of time was investigated. It was already known that by visual inspection diagnostic information can be derived from contrast-agent uptake curves, but it was unclear if more sophisticated analysis techniques could lead to further improvements. For this purpose, we investigated mathematical (pharmacokinetic) modeling of contrast-agent uptake curves. Towards More Reliable Breast Cancer Diagnosis Methods from literature were compared and common assumptions were put to the test. We performed experiments in a controlled simulation environment to unravel the different factors that influence the appearance of the contrast-agent uptake curves and thereby their classification. These experiments demonstrated the limitations of conventional classification methods that are currently applied in clinical practice. We expect pharmacokinetic modeling to overcome these limitations due to its imagingprotocol independency. It also returns more meaningful parameters that reflect physiological tissue properties. This holds the promise of a reproducible analysis and a better tissue classification. The prerequisites for its reliable application in a clinical setting were determined as well. As part of a Computer Aided Detection (CAD) system, parameters estimated with a pharmacokinetic model form the basis for meaningful visualizations, supporting radiologists in detecting and classifying tumors (figure 2). Figure 1: A. Exchange of contrast agent between bloodstream and tumor tissue. B. DCE-MR image series reveals tumors as brightly enhancing regions. C. Local tissue properties can be extracted from pixel-specific enhancement curves. Figure 2: Example of a color overlay reflecting physiological tissue properties and showing the extent of the tumor. 9

11 Elektrotechniek Jeroen Janssen was born in Boxmeer, in In 2006 he received his MSc. degree in Electrical Engineering from the Eindhoven University of Technology. Currently, he is pursuing a PhD. degree with the Electromechanics and Power Electronics group at the TU/e, on the subject of electromagnetic damping. ir. J.L.G. Janssen Design of Active Suspension using Electromagnetic Devices Introduction A major goal for the automotive industry is to provide optimal road holding and passenger comfort for a large variety of road conditions and vehicle maneuvers. This is obtained by maintaining optimal contact between road and tires, hence maximum handling, whilst simultaneously minimizing accelerations and roll of the vehicle body, ensuring passenger comfort. Fully passive suspension systems provide a compromise between handling and comfort. Optimal vehicle suspension may be achieved by implementing electromagnetic devices, which, compared to present hydraulic or pneumatic (semi-)active systems, excel in high bandwidth, and are likely to exhibit low power consumption and energy recuperation. General requirements for such an active suspension have been obtained by literature research, mechanical modeling and extensive experimental measurements. Two topologies are considered feasible for the application under research. Figure 1: Derivation of the rotating 2D equivalent model (right side) from the conventional axisymmetrical model (left side) of the tubular actuator. Tubular Actuator A tubular actuator, parallel to a mechanical spring, may be used to provide the dynamic suspension force, where the spring provides passive gravity compensation. A feasible topology has been obtained by size optimization, using a combination of both Lorentz and differential methods. A novel 2D representation of the tubular actuator is introduced, and, using conventional axisymmetrical modeling, verified using the key output parameters of several sub-models, as shown in Figure 1. This 2D model enables separation of cogging force components, which is subsequently used to reduce this cogging force by skewing the structure. Feasible skewing topologies for the tubular actuator are proposed, after which the Multilayer 2D method is used to simulate the effects of skewing on the output parameters. ELMASP A novel tubular ELectro MAgnetic SPring (ELMASP), based on reluctance force, is proposed to replace the conventional passive strut in automotive suspensions. It exhibits passive gravity compensation, active variation of the spring stiffness and high bandwidth. Extensive analytical and numerical models are derived for a simplified ELMASP and verified by measurements on a prototype, shown in Figure 2. Good agreement is found between the measurements and the predicted forces, which provides the fundamental verification for the innovative design of a full-sized ELMASP. Further, the conceptual study on this device has led to a patent filing. Figure 2: The ELMASP mounted in the test set-up with force sensor, and a conventional rear suspension strut of the BMW 545i 10

12 Technologie Management ir. M.F.P. van t Land Maurits van 't Land is momenteel werkzaam bij Vodafone als Customer Insights Specialist. De affectie met telecommunicatie heeft hij opgedaan tijdens zijn afstudeerstage bij Telfort, waar hij de consumenten acceptatie van innovatieve diensten heeft onderzocht. De resultaten van zijn onderzoek zijn succesvol gepubliceerd in een wetenschappelijk artikel. Improving Consumer Acceptance of Third Generation Mobile Services Development and Empirical Validation of the Technology Readiness Acceptance Model Basic mobile telecommunications services, voice and text messaging, have proven to be a massive success for the second generation (GSM) services [UMTS Forum, 2003]. However, these services have reached market saturation, and telecommunication providers recognized that growth potential lies in innovative third generation (UMTS) services. In response to this changing market situation, several European governments decided to auction the UMTS licenses needed to provide these third generation services. The Dutch government was amongst them and collected an estimated 2.7 billion euro by auctioning five UMTS licences. However, the uptake of the data services based on UMTS did not meet the expectations of the mobile operators. One of the most important reasons for the disappointing uptake of m-commerce is the failure of firms to understand customer value creation [Shankar et al., 2003]. It appears that the added value of wireless services currently being marketed lacks the advantages needed to create a market pull. In fact, it seems that the adoption and diffusion of these services is illustrative of a classic case of technology push [Basso, 2001]. To successfully move beyond the technology push of mobile data services, Kleijnen et al. [2004] state: a deeper insight in the factors driving consumers acceptance of mobile services is needed. Emanating from these principles, the following research assignment is drafted: Figure 1: TRAM, both services, only significant relationships are shown. Research Assignment Analyze the acceptance of the third generation mobile services among the Dutch mobile telecommunication users, in order to gain a better understanding of the drivers that influence acceptance and their relative importance. Results To comply with the research assignment, a new model was devised: the Technology Readiness Acceptance Model. Two services have been selected as target services: Video Telephony and Mobile TV. The target market of this research is the Dutch consumer market and the post-paid mobile telephone users in particular. A total of consumers of both Telfort and KPN were asked to participate in this research and more than a thousand responses were collected (yielding a response rate of 10.5 %). The data from this study are analyzed using Structural Equation Modelling or SEM. This technique enables simultaneously examination of the validity of measures associated with constructs and the relationship between the constructs. Satisfactory discriminant and convergent validity results were obtained and the model reported satisfactory fit indexes for both services. Figure 1 shows the results of this analysis. Cluster analysis (a combination of hierarchical clustering in combination with K-means cluster analysis) is used in order to realize the segmentation based on Technology Readiness, the result of this analysis is shown in Figure 2. Figure 2: Cluster analysis results, both services, based on the taxonomy of Technology Readiness PU=Perceived Usefulness, PEOU=Perceived Ease of Use, SN=Subjective Norm, IMA=Image, ENJ=Perceived Enjoyment. 11

13 Technische Natuurkunde ir. R. Lavrijsen Reinoud is a person to whom the Dutch saying: wisdom comes with the years certainly applies. Starting as an average student at the Mavo in 1996, slowly his interest for research grew due to internships at SUNY, Albany USA and CERN, Geneva Switzerland. A recent milestone was obtaining a MSc. degree and starting a PhD. at the TU/e in the exciting field of Nano- Spintronics. This has caught his full attention. The Key to Future Magnetic Memories and Sensors How do we keep pace with our ever in-creasing hunger for information and well-being, always and everywhere? The answer can be found in the exciting and expanding field of nano-spintronics. In this field devices are small, typically at the scale of a nanometer. More importantly, by not only using the charge of the electron but also its magnetic moment (spin), an extra degree of freedom is obtained. A perfect example of a device within this research field is a Magnetic Tunnel Junction (MTJ) (figure 1). This is a device that separates two ferromagnetic electrodes with an insulating barrier. By making this barrier extremely thin (~1 to 3 nanometer) electrons are able to tunnel from one electrode to the other. The magnitude of the tunnel current (or resistance) is dependent on the relative magnetization orientation of the two ferromagnetic electrodes, i.e. in (anti)-parallel orientation a (high) low resistance is found. By using MgO as the tunnel barrier the magnitude of this effect, which is called Tunnel Magnetoresistance (TMR), can be increased to more than 500% as compared to conventional MTJs (70%). Due to their extremely high sensitivity to magnetic fields, such elements can be used in a multitude of applications, ranging from magnetic memories to hard disk read heads and superior magnetic biosensors. Novel Effects of MgO as Tunnel Barrier The enhancement of the TMR effect in MTJs with a crystalline MgO barrier stems from the electronic properties of MgO when used in combination with certain magnetic electrodes. MgO acts as a filter for specific electron states. These states are characterized by the symmetry of the electron wave function; it turns out that the highly symmetric states can tunnel more efficiently through the barrier than states of lower symmetry. By exploiting this effect, an extremely high degree of spin polarization can be effectively obtained, leading to the enormous TMR effects. Fabricating these high- quality barriers and adding to the understanding of the physics behind the TMR effect are the key ingredients of this research work. Figure 1: Measured curve of the resistance (left axis) and TMR (right axis) as function of the external applied magnetic field. A negative (positive) field means that it points to the left (right). For the curve shown the magnetic field is swept from a large negative to a positive field. At 2.5 (6) ka/m the magnetization direction of the top (bottom) electrode switches, as shown by the red arrows. We thus obtain a parallel and anti-parallel magnetization alignment of the electrodes, reflected in the low and high resistance, respectively. Figure 2: From a single MTJ element to the basic implementations and final products, showing the enormous potential of these nano-devices. 12

14 Elektrotechniek In 2005 Peter van Leuven conducted research on integrated antenna shielding at the Catholic University of Leuven, where his interest in electromagnetic analysis was aroused. After receiving his MSc. degree (cum laude) in 2006 from the TU/e, he started his PhD. research on efficient electromagnetic analysis of micromachined structures. ir. P.G. van Leuven Shape Sensitivities of Perfectly Conducting 2D Objects and Inverse Scattering Electromagnetic Inverse Scattering In inverse scattering, a known electromagnetic field illuminates the object under study and the field scattered by the object is measured. From the measured data, one attempts to reconstruct the shape of the object. Such techniques are useful when a non-invasive, nondestructive measurement technique is required, for instance for wafer monitoring in the fabrication of integrated circuits. In case of monitoring, we are interested in tracking small changes in the geometry of the object and the inverse scattering problem is typically nonlinear. A suitable approach is then to employ Newton-type optimizers, which require the computation of sensitivity (gradient) information with respect to the parameters that define the shape of the object. Such information can be obtained via finite-difference approximations, but this is time-consuming and often unreliable. These difficulties have been circumvented by constructing an analytical formulation for these sensitivities. Sensitivity Analysis For efficiency purposes, we choose to model the scattering problem in terms of an integral equation. For the sensitivities we have obtained the following results: The sensitivities also take the form of an integral equation. The integral equations only differ from each other in their forcing term. The corresponding numerical systems only require additional computations for the forcing term. No extra matrix inversion is needed. In Figure 1, the sensitivity of the radiation pattern for a perfectly conducting trapezoid is shown for a varying bottom width. Shape Reconstruction The shape reconstruction has been applied to two perfectly conducting objects: a circular cylinder and a trapezoid. The circular cylinder has been used to verify the numerical model, since an analytic expression for the sensitivity with respect to its radius is available. The trapezoid is typical for wafer-monitoring purposes. For the trapezoid, three shape parameters have been studied, the top width, the bottom width, and the height. A successful shape reconstruction with additive Gaussian white noise is demonstrated in Figure 2. This reconstruction employs multi-frequency data to improve the convergence and resolution of the reconstruction algorithm. Figure 1: In red, the bottom width sensitivity of the radiation pattern for a perfectly conducting trapezoid is shown, for an incident wave coming from the right. The corresponding geometrical change of the trapezoid is indicated in blue. Relative error 10 1 f1 2f 1 4f Number of iterations Figure 2: Relative error with respect to the object s true dimensions under influence of 2.5% noise. The red vertical lines indicate the transition to a higher frequency to increase the resolution. 13

15 Scheikundige Technologie ir. M. Meeuwse Marco Meeuwse was born in Kapelle (Zeeland) in He studied Chemical Engineering at the Eindhoven University of Technology. He likes to play volleyball and to run. He was secretary of volleyballclub Tamar, and chairman of the congress committee of student association Japie. In 2006 he started his PhD. project at the TU/e. Mass Transfer in Solid Foam Packings Many chemical processes involve a gas and a liquid that react over a catalyst on a solid support. The overall production rate of these processes is not necessarily determined by the reaction kinetics. Especially for fast reactions, the mass transfer rate of the gaseous reactant to the liquid and subsequently to the catalyst on the solid support, limits the overall production rate. In those cases, a higher mass transfer rate decreases the required reactor volume. This decreases the investment costs of the industrial process. The lower reactor volume also improves safety; the explosion hazard and spill hazard are reduced. The gas-liquid mass transfer is proportional to the product of the liquid mass transfer coefficient k L and the gas-liquid interfacial area per unit volume available for mass transfer, a L. Open-celled solid foam packings have a high surface area per unit volume, dependent on the cell size of the foam. The high surface area increases a L, and thereby the gas-liquid mass transfer. This report describes the overall gas-liquid mass transfer coefficient k L a for the solid foam as a function of the foam cell size and the gas and liquid superficial velocities. At low gas velocities, large gas bubbles rise upwards through the foam, at higher gas velocities it moves in slugs that span the whole width of the foam. Gas-liquid mass transfer only occurs at a gas-liquid interface, i.e. at the outer surface area of a bubble and at the wetted foam inside the bubble (Figure 2). Therefore the mass transfer increases at increasing gas flows, more bubbles are present and the mass transfer rate correspondingly increases. The mass transfer coefficient k L also increases with increasing gas velocity but also with increasing liquid velocity. a L increases with decreasing foam cell-size, but k L decreases proportionally, resulting in a foam cell size independent k L a. The observed trends are predicted by a mass transfer model. Figure 1: Surface area per unit volume as a function of empty space (voidage) of different packings. A higher ppi number of the solid foam means a smaller cell size. In the top a picture of 10 ppi solid foam with a millimetre scale. The measured gas-liquid mass transfer of solid foam packings is higher or comparable to conventional packings. The relatively low capital and variable costs make the solid foam packing an attractive alternative for the chemical industry. Figure 2: Bubble flow through foam, dark spots are the bubbles. On the right a schematical drawing of bubble with wetted foam inside. 14

16 Biomedische Technologie ir. G. Mulder I obtained my MSc. in Biomedical Engineering and have been active in various student organisations. One of the highlights was my internship in New Zealand. My graduation project was the beginning of a cooperation between the TU/e and Philips Medical Systems on risk assessment of cerebral aneurysms. The project got a follow-up in the form of my PhD. work. The Velocity Field in a Cerebral Aneurysm Model: PIV Measurements and CFD Analysis Introduction Cerebral aneurysms are localized, thin walled dilatations of the arterial wall in the brain. The major risk involved is rupture of the aneurysm, resulting in a cerebral haemorrhage. The decision whether or not to operate on an unruptured cerebral aneurysm is based on the balance between risk of rupture and risk of intervention. Currently, no reliable method to estimate the rupture risk is available. The analysis of intra-aneurysmal flow patterns may lead to a more reliable risk assessment. A new approach is the use of X-ray systems (Figure a) to analyze flow in an aneurysm and its parent artery. Here, the innovative trend to couple clinical imaging modalities to patient-specific computational methods is followed. The aim of this study is to develop well-defined in-vitro experiments to validate this approach. To this purpose, intra-aneurysmal velocity fields measured with particle image velocimetry (PIV) are compared to those obtained with a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model. Materials and Methods A CFD model is used to simulate the velocity field in an idealized aneurysm (Figure b). An experimental set-up (Figure c) is built to measure the intraaneurysmal velocity field using PIV. The characteristics of the resulting velocity fields are compared. In order to enable comparison of the intra-aneurysmal vortices, the vortex strength is quantified using the circulation. Results The intra-aneurysmal velocity field (Figure d-g) shows a single vortex structure, with the vortex center located distally to the aneurysm center. The highest velocities are observed in the distal side of the aneurysm. Although the aneurysmal neck could not be measured, the intra-aneurysmal velocity field indicates an outflow at the neck. This is supported by velocity fields obtained with the CFD model. The intra-aneurysmal velocity field in an idealized geometry is obtained using PIV as well as CFD. Discussion Both the qualitative and quantitative characteristics, based on vortex dynamics, of the experimentally and numerically obtained velocity fields correspond and theoretical considerations support the flow patterns observed. This study forms the basis of the confirmation that X-ray images can be useful in clinical diagnostics and prognoses and motivates further and more exclusive studies in the field. 15

17 Technologie Management ir. E.T. van Rest Heden: Mede-oprichter Mastersportal.eu: informatieplatform voor masterstudies in Europa. Freelance junior strategieconsultant. Tijdens studie: 1 jaar studie en onderzoek aan Osaka University, Japan 2 internationale stages voor Atos Origin: bij de Olympische spelen Athene 2004 en Turijn Voorzitter Interactie, internationale studievereniging Tbdk. Decision-Making in Offshoring from a Knowledge Perspective: Illuminating a Blind Spot Should Philips offshore its production, or maybe even the development of its new Ambilight products to a country like China or India? Most likely, the cost price will drop, but what will happen to the knowledge involved? The above a fictional example of a strategic offshoring decision. This research has shown that companies base these decisions primarily on financial and operational arguments (a NetPresentValue analysis). Even though they are often aware that their knowledge is one of their prime competitive resources, they unfortunately do not sufficiently anticipate on the consequences of such an offshoring decision on this aspect: offshoring the Ambilight production process probably results in a lower cost price, a good financial argument for offshoring. However, will Philips be able to appropriate (protect) its technology in a country such as China, with a substandard intellectual property environment? Will the necessary knowledge be successfully transferable to the Chinese employees? And what will be the effect on Philips innovativeness if the production and R&D are so far from each other? In our current knowledge economy the answers to these are the questions that will greatly determine the competitive position of companies, most probably even countries. The problem is how to incorporate these issues in the decision-making process. Based on inside research within nine of the biggest industrial multinationals in the Netherlands, and eleven desk cases, an assessment tool has been developed for those decision-makers so they can analyze the knowledge consequences of an offshoring scenario. The tool is built around six knowledge processes that together determine the evolution (and utilization) of a company s knowledge (Figure 1). Based on a quick scan method, the assessment tool gives a fast and comprehensive overview of the knowledge consequences of an offshoring scenario, and gives practical insights and possible interventions to improve the knowledge performance. The tool was tested in three companies (with a field test in China) and was deemed very valuable, now it is used and further developed. The results of the research have been published twice and more is yet to come. Figure 1: Six ongoing knowledge processes together determine the value that a firm will extract from its (future) knowledge. Figure 2: Firstly, the assessment tool gives an overview of how these six knowledge processes will be affected by offshoring to a certain location. Supervisors: prof.dr.ir. Mathieu Weggeman and prof.dr. Geert Duysters. Nominee: Edwin van Rest. (Founder mastersportal.eu and freelance consultant) Company: Squarewise; Strategy Consultants for Knowledge Management With inside research in nine large industrial multinationals 16

18 Bouwkunde Jurgen Voermans studeerde civiele techniek aan de Avans Hogeschool in Tilburg, en studeerde constructief ontwerpen aan de TU/e. Zojuist is hij teruggekeerd van zijn over-land-reis Turkije-Iran-Pakistan-India. Zijn persoonlijke interesses gaan vooral uit naar reisfotografie, religie en literatuur. ir. J. Voermans Glued-laminated Bamboo for Structural Application This research focused on glued-laminated beams produced with bamboo strands for structural application. Experimental and analytical research was carried out to establish a model for glued-laminated bamboo beams loaded in bending based on the properties of the individual laminations. The development of glued-laminated beams of timber and its structural application have had a tremendous influence in building with wood during the last century. Since bamboo combines good mechanical properties with being one of the fastest growing plants on earth, the structural utilization as laminated beam is at least similar. Until recently the natural shape and appearance of bamboo prevented it from being recognized as a potential structural and reliable building material. Successful innovations allow bamboo strands to be joined to form beams of structural size with high mechanical properties. Gluedlaminated bamboo can be used in (sustainable) building projects all around the world. During the research the mechanical properties were determined experimentally. Additionally, since the length of beams exceeds the length of laminations, a proper connection was developed to lengthen the individual laminations. It was found that by lengthening the laminations by means of scarf-joints with a slope of 1 in 10, a joint efficiency of 93% could be achieved. Furthermore, the bond quality of face joints was studied based on two types of commercial adhesives commonly used in the manufacturing of glued-laminated timber: melamine-urea-formaldehyde and resorcinol-phenol. The results indicated that melamine-urea-formaldehyde could successfully be applied to bamboo. Finally, an empirical model was established linking the properties of the individual laminations to those of the beams. This model was based on full-scale tests on glued-laminated bamboo beams loaded in four-point bending. It was found that the bending strength of a glued-laminated bamboo beam was directed by the tensile strength of the outermost lamination where failure was initiated either by a node or a joint. It was possible to link the tensile strength of the individual laminations to the bending strength of the beams by the laminating factor. Figure1: Failure of a laminated bamboo beam initiated at the scarf-joint. Figure 2: Load deflection curve of a laminated bamboo beam loaded in bending Conclusion It was concluded that, regarding applications were strength is determining above stiffness, glued-laminated bamboo is a very promising material compared to engineered timber products. 17

19 Bouwkunde ir. D. Witvoet After graduating from secondary school I was admitted at the Royal Netherlands Air Force as a student pilot. Unfortunately I could not finish the training, so I decided to study Architecture at the TU/e. I pursued a MSc. degree in Real Estate Management & Development and that is how I became interested in the financial part of real estate development projects. Real Options in Real Estate Empirical research proved that developable land is similar to an American call option on an underlying asset that pays dividends. Similarly, in the real estate development market there is evidence of multiple real options embedded within real estate development projects. These real options have value, because they allow developers to alter plans in the future when more information becomes available over time also known as managerial flexibility. To assess the value of managerial flexibility in development projects Decision Tree Analysis (DTA) or Real Options Analysis (ROA) should be applied. In a tender process, a developer was asked to make a bid on an abandoned industrial site that is currently in use as a sports field. The owner of the land sold it to the highest bidder based on its redevelopment potential. The developer won the bidding by paying 8,4 million including buyer s costs. The land value was established by Net Present Value (NPV) calculations, but the eventual bid was mostly based on the developer s intuition. To estimate the actual land value, the business case is modeled using both DTA and ROA. The DTA represented four scenarios; each with its own percentage of probability. These scenario-probabilities are based on specific risk and therefore have to be estimated using the track record of successful and unsuccessful projects of the developer. The real options in the scenarios were interacting with each other and therefore modeled in one binomial tree. To allow for risk neutral valuation the drift is corrected for the foregoing dividends if one of the real options is alive. In the base case scenario it was computed that the land value is 13,4 million against a selling price of 8,4 million. Results from the Monte Carlo simulation showed that the land value from the model in the base case scenario is in close range of the mode - 13,7 million. Figure 1 shows that within the 90% certainty boundaries there is more upward potential than downside risk. A definitive conclusion about the consistency of the correlations between the variables and the land value could not be given, because of the multiple interacting options and the scenarios used in the DTA. Figure 2 does show, however, that the outcome of the ROA model is highly sensitive to the accuracy of the estimated NPV from the Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) analysis. Figure 1: Monte Carlo simulation on land value. Figure 2: Sensitivity analysis on variables. 18

20 UFe/Océ Ontwerpprijs Voor het beste ontwerp van het Stan Ackermans Instituut De UFe/Océ Ontwerpprijzen zijn in 1994 ingesteld. Deze prijzen worden jaarlijks uitgereikt aan de beste ontwerpers van de 3TU.School for Technological Design, Stan Ackermans Institute uit het daaraan voorafgaande kalenderjaar. De eerste prijs wordt beschikbaar gesteld door de Stichting Universiteitsfonds Eindhoven (UFe) en bedraagt euro. De tweede prijs wordt beschikbaar gesteld door Océ Technologies BV en bedraagt euro. De uitreiking vindt jaarlijks plaats. Iedere afgestudeerde ontwerper van een van de tweejarige post-initiële opleidingen van het Stan Ackermans Instituut kan meedingen, mits het technologisch ontwerp tot stand gekomen is in een ontwerpproject. In opdracht van een externe opdrachtgever wordt dit project uitgevoerd ter afsluiting van een van de gecertificeerde ontwerpersopleidingen van het Stan Ackermans Instituut. Er zijn voor dit jaar zes ontwerpprojecten genomineerd uit zes ontwerpersopleidingen en uitgevoerd bij verschillende opdrachtgevers. 19