Vervangt NEN 1091:1994,deels; NEN 3650:1992,deels; NEN-EN 12732:1997 Ontw. Nederlandse norm. NEN-EN (en)

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1 Vervangt NEN 1091:1994,deels; NEN 3650:1992,deels; NEN-EN 12732:1997 Ontw. Nederlandse norm Dit document mag slechts op een stand-alone PC worden geinstalleerd. Gebruik op een netwerk is alleen. toestaan als een aanvullende licentieovereenkomst voor netwerkgebruik met NEN is afgesloten. This document may only be used on a stand-alone PC. Use in a network is only permitted when a supplementary license agreement for us in a network with NEN has been concluded. NEN-EN (en) Gasvoorzieningssystemen - Lassen van stalen leidingen - Functionele eisen Gas supply systems - Welding steel pipework - Functional requirements ICS mei 2000

2 NEN-EN Als Nederlandse norm is aanvaard: -,IDT Normcommissie "Gasvoorziening" Apart from exceptions provided by the law, nothing from this publication may be duplicated and/or published by means of photocopy, microfilm, storage in computer files or otherwise, which also applies to full or partial processing, without the written consent of the Netherlands Standardization Institute. The Netherlands Standardization Institute shall, with the exclusion of any other beneficiary, collect payments owed by third parties for duplication and/or act in and out of law, where this authority is not transferred or falls by right to the Reproduction Rights Foundation. Auteursrecht voorbehouden. Behoudens uitzondering door de wet gesteld mag zonder schriftelijke toestemming van het Nederlands Normalisatie-instituut niets uit deze uitgave worden verveelvoudigd en/of openbaar gemaakt door middel van fotokopie, microfilm, opslag in computerbestanden of anderszins, hetgeen ook van toepassing is op gehele of gedeeltelijke bewerking. Het Nederlands Normalisatie-instituut is met uitsluiting van ieder ander gerechtigd de door derden verschuldigde vergoedingen voor verveelvoudiging te innen en/of daartoe in en buiten rechte op te treden, voor zover deze bevoegdheid niet is overgedragen c.q. rechtens toekomt aan de Stichting Reprorecht. Although the utmost care has been taken with this publication, errors and omissions cannot be entirely excluded. The Netherlands Standardization Institute and/or the members of the committees therefore accept no liability, not even for direct or indirect damage, occurring due to or in relation with the application of publications issued by the Netherlands Standardization Institute. Hoewel bij deze uitgave de uiterste zorg is nagestreefd, kunnen fouten en onvolledigheden niet geheel worden uitgesloten. Het Nederlands Normalisatie-instituut en/of de leden van de commissies aanvaarden derhalve geen enkele aansprakelijkheid, ook niet voor directe of indirecte schade, ontstaan door of verband houdend met toepassing van door het Nederlands Normalisatie-instituut gepubliceerde uitgaven Nederlands Normalisatie-instituut Postbus 5059, 2600 GB Delft Telefoon (015) , Fax (015)

3 NEN-EN Nederlands voorwoord Voor de in deze norm vermelde normatieve verwijzingen bestaan in Nederland de volgende equivalenten: vermelde norm Nederlandse norm titel EN 287-1: EN 288-2:1992 NEN-EN 288-2:1997 Het beschrijven en kwalificeren van lasprocedures voor metallische materialen - Deel 2: Lasmethodebeschrijving voor het booglassen (en,nl) EN 288-3:1992 NEN-EN 288-3:1997 Het beschrijven en kwalificeren van lasprocedures voor metallische materialen - Deel 3: Lasmethodebeproeving voor het booglassen van staal (en,nl) EN 288-5:1994 NEN-EN 288-5:1994 Het beschrijven en goedkeuren van lasprocedures voor metallische materialen - Deel 5: Goedkeuring door gebruik van goedgekeurde lastoevoegmaterialen voor booglassen (en,nl) EN 288-6:1994 NEN-EN 288-6:1994 Het beschrijven en kwalificeren van lasprocedures voor metallische materialen - Deel 6: Goedkeuring op grond van eerder opgedane ervaring (en,nl) EN 288-7:1995 NEN-EN 288-7:1995 Het beschrijven en kwalificeren van lasprocedures voor metallische materialen - Deel 7: Goedkeuring door middel van een standaardlasmethode voor het booglassen (en,nl) EN 288-8:1995 NEN-EN 288-8:1995 Het beschrijven en kwalificeren van lasprocedures voor metallische materialen - Deel 8: Goedkeuring door middel van een lasproef voor het begin van de produktie (en,nl) pren EN 439:1994 NEN-EN 439:1994 Lastoevoegmaterialen - Beschermgassen voor booglassen en snijden (en,nl) EN 440:1994 NEN-EN 440:1995 Lastoevoegmaterialen - Draadelektroden en lasmetaal voor booglassen onder gasbescherming van niet-gelegeerde en fijnkorrelige staalsoorten - Indeling (en,nl) EN 473:1993 NEN-EN 473:1993 Kwalificatie en certificatie van personeel voor nietdestructief onderzoek - Algemene principes (en,nl) EN 499:1994 NEN-EN 499:1995 Lastoevoegmaterialen - Beklede elektroden voor booglassen met de hand van niet-gelegeerde en fijnkorrelige staalsoorten - Indeling (en,nl) EN 571-1:1997 NEN-EN 571-1:1997 Niet-destructief onderzoek - Penetrantonderzoek - Deel 1: Algemene beginselen (en,nl) EN NEN-EN Niet-destructief onderzoek - Ultrasoon onderzoek - Deel 1: Algemene principes (en,nl) EN 719:1994 NEN-EN 719:1994 Lascoördinatie - Taken en verantwoordelijkheden (en,nl) EN 729-1:1994 NEN-EN 729-1:1994 Kwaliteitsborgingssystemen voor lassen - Smeltlassen van metallische materialen - Deel 1: Richtlijnen voor keuze en toepassing (en,nl) EN 729-2:1994 NEN-EN 729-2:1994 Kwaliteitsborgingssystemen voor lassen - Smeltlassen van metallische materialen - Deel 2: Uitgebreide kwaliteitseisen (en,nl) EN 729-3:1994 NEN-EN 729-3:1994 Kwaliteitsborgingseisen voor lassen - Smeltlassen van metallische materialen - Deel 3: Standaardkwaliteitseisen (en,nl) EN 729-4:1994 NEN-EN 729-4:1994 Kwaliteitsborgingssystemen voor lassen - Smeltlassen van metallische materialen - Deel 4: Elementair kwaliteitseisen (en,nl) EN 756:1995 NEN-EN 756:1995 Lastoevoegmaterialen - Draadelektroden en draadpoedercombinaties voor het onderpoederlassen van ongelegeerde en fijnkorrelige staalsoorten - Indeling (en)

4 NEN-EN EN 757:1997 NEN-EN 757:1997 Lastoevoegmaterialen - Beklede elektroden voor booglassen met de hand van staal met hoge sterkte - Indeling (en) EN 758:1997 NEN-EN 758:1997 Lastoevoegmaterialen - Gevulde draadelektrode voor booglassen met of zonder beschermgas van ongelegeerd staal en fijnkorrelig staal - Indeling (en) EN 760:1996 NEN-EN 760:1996 Lastoevoegmaterialen - Poeders voor onderpoederlassen - Indeling (en) EN 970:1997 NEN-EN 970:1998 Niet-destructief onderzoek van gesmeltlaste verbindingen - Visueel onderzoek (en,nl) EN 1290:1998 NEN-EN 1290:1998 Niet-destructief onderzoek van lassen - Magnetisch onderzoek van lassen (en,nl) EN 1418:1997 NEN-EN 1418:1998 Laspersoneel - Het kwalificeren van bedieners van lasmachines voor smeltlassen en instellers van weerstandlasapparatuur voor geheel mechanisch en automatisch lassen van metallische materialen (en,nl) EN 1435:1997 NEN-EN 1435:1997 Niet-destructief onderzoek van lassen - Radiografisch onderzoek van lasverbindingen (en,nl) EN 1668:1997 NEN-EN 1668:1997 Lastoevoegmaterialen - Staven, draad en lasmetaal voor het TIG-lassen van ongelegeerde staalsoorten en fijnkorrelige staalsoorten - Indeling (en) pren EN 1714:1997 NEN-EN 1714:1998 Niet-destructief onderzoek van lassen - Ultrasoon onderzoek van lasverbindingen (en,nl) EN 1775:1998 NEN-EN 1775:1998 Gasvoorziening - Gasleidingen in gebouwen - Maximale werkdruk <kleiner dan> 5 bar - Functionele aanbevelingen (en) EN :1990 NEN-EN :1991 Metalen - Trekproef - Deel 1: Beproevingsmethode (bij omgevingstemperatuur) (en,nl) EN 10204: EN :1997 NEN-EN :1997 Stalen buizen voor leidingen voor brandbare vloeistoffen - Technische leveringsvoorwaarden - Deel 1: Buizen van klasse A (en) EN :1996 NEN-EN :1996 Stalen buizen voor leidingen voor brandbare vloeistoffen - Technische leveringsvoorwaarden - Deel 2: Buizen van klasse B (en) EN 24063: EN 25817:1992 NEN-ISO 5817:1993 Booglasverbindingen in staal - Richtlijn voor het vaststellen van kwaliteitsniveaus voor onvolkomenheden (nl) EN 26520: EN 27963:1992 NEN-ISO 7963:1992 Lassen in staal - IJkblok nr. 2 voor ultrasoon onderzoek van lassen (nl) EN 29692:1994 NEN-ISO 9692:1994 Booglassen met beklede elektrode, gasbooglassen met afsmeltende elektrode en autogeenlassen - Lasnaadvoorbereiding voor staal (nl) EN 45001: ISO

5 EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉENNE EUROPÄISCHE NORM EN April 2000 ICS English version Gas supply systems - Welding steel pipework - Functional requirements Systèmes d'alimentation en gaz - Soudage des tuyauteries en acier - Prescriptions fonctionnelles Gasversorgungssysteme - Schweißen von Rohrleitungen aus Stahl - Funktionale Anforderungen This European Standard was approved by CEN on 16 August CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member. This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official versions. CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom. EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels 2000 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members. Ref. No. E

6 Page 2 Contents Page Foreword Scope Normative references Definitions and abbreviations Quality system Welding contractors Welders Welding supervisory/co-ordination personnel Testing personnel Welding consumables Production welding General requirements Joint preparation Preheating Tacking Welding Actions after welding Repair of weld defects Special procedures Attachment of structural parts Attachment of cathodic protection connections Hot tapping and other welding work on pressurized pipelines and systems Inspection of the weld joint General Scope of inspection Non-destructive examination Time of inspection Acceptance criteria Recording of test results Documentation General Archiving requirements Specific requirements for gas supply systems up to and including 16 bar MOP (distribution) General Welders Welding supervisory personnel Production welding Acceptance requirements Requirements for records and documentation... 20

7 Page 3 11 Specific requirements for gas supply systems greater than 16 bar MOP (transmission) General Welders Welding supervisory personnel Qualification of welding procedures Production welding Destructive testing of production welds Acceptance requirements Requirements for records and documentation Specific requirements for metering, regulating and compressor stations General Specific requirements Annex A (informative) Qualification for pipeline welders Annex B (informative) Testing of the base material Annex C (informative) Wall thickness compensation/design examples Annex D (informative) Critical aspects for hot-tap welding or welding on gas-pressurized pipelines Annex E (informative) Visual inspection of joints Annex F (informative) Manual ultrasonic testing of weld joints for wall thicknesses between approximately 6 mm and 10 mm Annex G (informative) Acceptance criteria recommendations for on-site production welds Annex H (informative) Recommendations for brazing and aluminothermic welding of anodic bonding leads Annex I (informative) Bibliography... 49

8 Page 4 Foreword This European Standard has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 234 "Gas supply", the secretariat of which is held by DIN. This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by October 2000, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by October According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. There is a complete suite of functional standards prepared by CEN/TC 234 Gas supply to cover all parts of the gas supply system from the input of gas to the transmission system up to the inlet connection of the gas appliances, whether for domestic, commercial or industrial purposes. In preparing this standard a basic understanding of gas supply by the user has been assumed. Gas supply systems are complex and the importance on safety of their construction and use has led to the development of very detailed codes of practice and operating manuals in the member countries. These detailed statements embrace recognised standards of gas engineering and the specific requirements imposed by the legal structures of the member countries. CEN/TC 234 will continue its work updating this Standard to the latest developments at regular intervals. This European Standard has been prepared under mandate M/017 given to CEN by the Commission of the European Communities and the European Free Trade Association. 1 Scope This European Standard contains requirements for the production and testing of weld joints for the installation and modification of onshore steel pipelines and pipework used in gas supply systems, including in-service pipelines, for all pressure ranges for the carriage of processed, non-toxic and non-corrosive natural gas according to ISO 13686, where - the pipeline elements are made of unalloyed or low-alloyed carbon steel; - the pipeline is not located within commercial or industrial premises as integral part of the industrial process on those premises except for any pipelines and facilities supplying such premises; - the pipework is not located within household installations according to EN 1775:1998; - the design temperature of the system is between -40 C and 120 C inclusive. With respect to production and testing of welds, this European Standard refers to basic standards drafted by CEN/TC 121 and CEN/TC 138 as they exist up to the date of issue of this standard. This standard is not applicable to welds produced prior to the publication of this European standard. Clauses 4 to 9 describe general requirements which relate to all areas of application mentioned. The following clauses contain specific requirements: Clause 10: Supply systems for a maximum operating pressure up to and including 16 bar (distribution) Clause 11: Supply systems for a maximum operating pressure greater than 16 bar (transmission)

9 Page 5 Clause 12: Metering, regulating and compressor stations Table 1 assigns the application areas to quality requirement categories as a function of the working pressure and pipe materials used. Quality requirement category Table 1: Allocation to quality requirement categories Area of activity applies to A Pressure range and base material 100 mbar Examples of use Group 1 according to EN 288-3: R t 0,5 360 N/mm Mains and service pipes in gas distribution systems B Pressure range and base material > 100 mbar 5 bar Examples of use Group 1 according to EN 288-3: R t 0,5 360 N/mm Mains and service pipes in gas distribution systems, pipework in stations C Pressure range and base material > 5 bar 16 bar Examples of use Group 1 according to EN 288-3: R t 0,5 360 N/mm Pipelines including pipework in stations and gas distribution systems D Pressure range or base material * > 16 bar Examples of use Group 1 to 3 according to EN 288-3:1992 Pipelines including pipework in stations and gas transmission systems Note: R specified minimum yield strength according to EN :1996. t 0,5 * Pipelines having hoop stresses at design pressure up to 30 % of specified minimum yield strength and operated at a pressure up to 24 bar can be allocated to quality requirement category C by the pipeline operator. Additional requirements may be specified when, for example - the strain on pipelines and systems; - the materials; - the line routing; - the design or the welding technique are considered critical. This European Standard specifies common basic principles for gas supply systems. Users of this European Standard should be aware that there can exist more detailed national standards and/or

10 Page 6 codes of practice in the CEN member countries. This European Standard is intended to be applied in association with these national standards and/or codes of practice setting out the above-mentioned basic principles. In the event of conflicts in terms of more restrictive requirements in national legislation/regulation with the requirements of this standard, the national legislation/regulation shall take precedence. 2 Normative references This European Standard incorporates by dated or undated reference, provisions from other publications. These normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text and the publications are listed hereafter. For dated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions of any of these publications apply to this European Standard only when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated references the latest edition of the publication referred to applies. EN 287-1:1997 Approval testing of welders - Fusion welding - Part 1: Steels EN 288-2:1992 Specification and approval of welding procedures for metallic materials - Part 2: Welding procedure specification for arc welding EN 288-3:1992 Specification and approval of welding procedures for metallic materials - Part 3: Welding procedure tests for the arc welding of steels EN 288-5:1994 Specification and approval of welding procedures for metallic materials - Part 5: Approval by using approved welding consumables for arc welding EN 288-6:1994 Specification and approval of welding procedures for metallic materials - Part 6: Approval related to previous experience EN 288-7:1995 Specification and approval of welding procedures for metallic materials - Part 7: Approval by a standard welding procedure for arc welding EN 288-8:1995 Specification and approval of welding procedures for metallic materials - Part 8: Approval by a pre-production welding test pren Specification and approval of welding procedures for metallic materials - Part 9: Welding procedure test for on land and offshore site butt welding of transmission pipelines EN 439:1994 EN 440:1994 EN 473:1993 EN 499:1994 EN 571-1:1997 EN EN 719:1994 Welding consumables - Shielding gases for arc welding and cutting Welding consumables - Wire electrodes and deposits for gas-shielded metal arc welding of non-alloy and fine-grain steels - Classification Qualification and certification of NDT personnel. General principles Welding consumables - Covered electrodes for manual metal arc welding of nonalloy and fine-grain steels - Classification Non-destructive testing - Penetrant testing - Part 1: General principles Non-destructive testing - Ultrasonic examination - Part 1: General principles Welding coordination - Tasks and responsibilities EN 729-1:1994 Quality requirements for welding - Fusion welding of metallic materials - Part 1: Guidelines for selection und use EN 729-2:1994 Quality requirements for welding - Fusion welding of metallic materials - Part 2: Comprehensive quality requirements EN 729-3:1994 Quality requirements for welding - Fusion welding of metallic materials -

11 Page 7 Part 3: Standard quality requirements EN 729-4:1994 Quality requirements for welding - Fusion welding of metallic materials - Part 4: Elementary quality requirements EN 756:1995 Welding consumables - Wire electrodes and wire-flux combinations for submerged arc welding of non-alloy and fine grain steels - Classification EN 757:1997 EN 758:1997 Welding consumables - Covered electrodes for manual metal arc-welding of high strength steels - Classification Welding consumables - Tubular cored electrodes for metal arc welding with or without a gas shield of non-alloy and fine grain steels - Classification EN 760:1996 EN 970:1997 EN 1290:1998 EN 1418:1997 EN 1435:1997 EN 1668:1997 pren EN 1714:1997 Welding consumables - Fluxes for submerged arc welding - Classification Non-destructive examination of fusion welds - Visual examination Non-destructive examination of welds - Magnetic particle examination of welds Welding personnel - Approval testing of welding operators for fusion welding and resistance weld setters for fully mechanized and automatic welding of metallic materials Non-destructive examination of welds - Radiographic examination of welded joints Welding consumables - Rods, wires and deposits for tungsten inert gas welding of non alloy and fine grain steels - Classification Welding - Basic weld joint details in steel - Part 1: Pressurized components Non-destructive examination of welds - Ultrasonic examination of welded joints EN 1775:1998 Gas supply - Gas pipework for buildings - Maximum operating pressure 5 bar - Functional recommendations EN :1990 Metallic materials - Tensile testing - Part 1: Method of test EN 10204:1995 Metallic products - Types of inspection documents EN :1997 Steel pipes for pipelines for combustible fluids - Technical delivery conditions - Part 1: Pipes of requirement class A EN :1996 Steel pipes for pipelines for combustible fluids - Technical delivery conditions - Part 2: Pipes of requirement class B EN 24063:1992 EN 25817:1992 EN 26520:1991 EN 27963:1992 EN 29692:1994 EN 45001:1989 Welding, brazing, soldering and braze-welding of metals - Nomenclature of processes and reference numbers for symbolic representation on drawings (ISO 4063:1990) Arc-welded joints in steel - Guidance on quality levels for imperfections (ISO 5817:1992) Classification of imperfections in metallic fusion welds with explanations (ISO 6520:1982) Welds in steel - Calibration block No. 2 for ultrasonic examination of welds (ISO 7963:1985) Metal-arc welding with covered electrode, gas-shielded metal-arc welding and gas welding - Joint preparations for steel (ISO 9692:1992) General criteria for the operation of testing laboratories

12 Page 8 ISO Natural gas - Quality designation 3 Definitions and abbreviations For the purposes of this standard, the following definitions apply. Symbols used in formulae are defined where they occur. 3.1 design temperature (DT): The temperature on which the design calculations are based. 3.2 gas: The gaseous fuel which is in a gaseous state at a temperature of 15 C under atmospheric pressure (1, bar absolute). 3.3 gas distribution system: The pipeline system including piping above and below ground and all other equipment necessary to supply the gas to the consumer. 3.4 gas distributor: The private or public organization authorized to distribute gas to consumers through a gas distribution system. 3.5 gas transmission: The activity intended to convey gas from one place to another through pipelines in order to supply gas to distribution systems or to industrial consumers. 3.6 installation: Equipment and facilities for the extraction, production, chemical treatment, measurement, control, storage or offtake of the transported gas. 3.7 maximum operating pressure (MOP): The maximum pressure at which a system can be operated continuously under normal conditions. Note: normal conditions are: no fault in any device or stream. 3.8 national requirements: Requirements following from national legislation or more detailed or stringent national standards 3.9 onshore pipeline: A buried and/or above ground pipeline including those sections laid in or across inland lakes or water courses pipeline: A system of pipework with all associated equipment and stations up to the point of delivery. This pipework is mainly below ground but also includes above ground parts pipeline components: The elements from which a pipeline is constructed. The following are distinct pipeline elements: - pipe including cold-formed bends; - fittings EXAMPLE 1: reducers, tees, factory-made elbows and bends, flanges, caps, welding stubs, mechanical joints. - fabrications, manufactured from elements referred above; EXAMPLE 2: manifolds, slug catchers, pig launching/receiving stations, metering and control runs. - equipment; EXAMPLE 3: valves, expansion joints, insulating joints, pressure regulators, pumps, compressors. - pressure vessels pipeline operator: The private or public organization authorized to design, construct, and/or operate and maintain the gas supply system pipework: An assembly of pipes and fittings.

13 Bestelformulier Stuur naar: NEN Standards Products & Services t.a.v. afdeling Klantenservice Antwoordnummer WB Delft Ja, ik bestel NEN Standards Products & Services Postbus GB Delft Vlinderweg AX Delft T (015) F (015) ex. NEN- en Gasvoorzieningssystemen - Lassen van stalen leidingen - Functionele eisen Wilt u deze norm in PDF-formaat? Deze bestelt u eenvoudig via Gratis nieuwsbrieven Wilt u op de hoogte blijven van de laatste ontwikkelingen op het gebied van normen, normalisatie en regelgeving? Neem dan een gratis abonnement op een van onze nieuwsbrieven. Gegevens Bedrijf / Instelling T.a.v. O M O V Klantnummer NEN Uw ordernummer BTW nummer Postbus / Adres Postcode Plaats Telefoon Fax Factuuradres (indien dit afwijkt van bovenstaand adres) Postbus / Adres Postcode Plaats Datum Handtekening Retourneren Fax: (015) klantenservice@nen.nl Post: NEN Standards Products & Services, t.a.v. afdeling Klantenservice Antwoordnummer 10214, 2600 WB Delft (geen postzegel nodig). Voorwaarden De prijzen zijn geldig tot 31 december 2016, tenzij anders aangegeven. Alle prijzen zijn excl. btw, verzend- en handelingskosten en onder voorbehoud bij o.m. ISO- en IEC-normen. Bestelt u via de normshop een pdf, dan betaalt u geen handeling en verzendkosten. Meer informatie: telefoon (015) , dagelijks van 8.30 tot uur. Wijzigingen en typefouten in teksten en prijsinformatie voorbehouden. U kunt onze algemene voorwaarden terugvinden op: Normalisatie: de wereld op één lijn. preview