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1 Cover Page The handle holds various files of this Leiden University dissertation Author: Heemskerk, A.A.M. Title: Exploring the proteome by CE-ESI-MS Issue Date:

2 Nederlandse samenvatting 171

3 Dit proefschrift beschrijft de vooruitgang die is gemaakt op het gebied van de koppeling van capillaire elektroforese aan massa spectrometrie door middel van een poreuze naald en het gebruik van deze koppeling in de analyse van gedigesteerde eiwitten. Er was al eerder aangetoond dat deze methode scheidingen bij hele lage vloeistofsnelheden toelaat en daarom de potentie had voor sterke verbeteringen in prestatie. Ook was aangetoond dat elektrospray bij hele lage vloeistof snelheden significante voordelen heeft in vergelijking met normale nano-flow snelheden (±300 nl/min), niet alleen wat betreft gevoeligheid maar ook wat betreft het verminderen van ion-suppressie. De poreuze naald koppeling kan een stabiele spray genereren bij vloeistof snelheden lager dan 10 nl/min en zou daarom ook de eerder geobserveerde ionisatie effecten met betrekking tot verminderen van suppressie moeten kunnen bewerkstelligen. In Hoofdstuk 1 is het potentieel van de poreuze naald koppeling bij hele lage vloeistofsnelheden voor de vermindering van ion-suppressie tijdens de ionisatie van gefosforileerde peptiden onderzocht. Voor deze experimenten zijn er 5 peptiden met nul tot vier fosforileringen gemaakt. Bij verlaging van de vloeistof snelheid van een infusie kon een significante verandering in de signaalintensiteit worden geobserveerd. De ionisatie efficiëntie van de koppeling werd ook aangetoond bij de analyse van glycopeptiden verkregen uit immunoglobuline G1. Er werd een neutraal gecoat capillair gebruikt waardoor de vloeistof snelheid onder de 10 nl/min kon worden gehouden. Hierdoor kon een groot monster volume worden geïnjecteerd en de gevoeligheid verbeterd met een factor 20 doormiddel van isotachoforese. (Hoofdstuk 2) Lage vloeistof snelheden bij capillaire elektroforese verbeteren niet alleen het ionisatie proces maar ook kunnen significante verbeteringen in de scheiding met deze aanpak teweeg gebracht worden. Hoofdstuk 3 laat het potentieel van de poreuze naald zien door de ontwikkeling van een methode waarbij een groot monster volume werd geïnjecteerd en vervolgens werd gescheiden bij een periode zonder vloeistof loop in het scheidingssysteem. Er werd aangetoond dat het gebruik van deze nul vloeistof loop periode een 100% toename van de piek capaciteit teweeg bracht. Ondanks het feit dat CE-MS niet de meest gebruikte techniek is voor de analyse van eiwit-digesten zijn er een aantal groepen die onderzoek doen naar deze applicatie. Om een inzicht te krijgen van het gebruikt van CE-MS in het eiwit analyse veld zijn er twee overzichts artikelen geschreven. In Hoofdstuk 4 is er naar het CE-MS eiwit digest analyse veld in het algemeen en de ontwikkelingen in de afgelopen jaren gekeken. Verschillende ionisatie-technieken en ontwikkelingen op het gebied van monster voorbewerking en scheiding strategieën werden besproken. Omdat Hoofdstuk 4 vooral de potentie van 172

4 CE-ESI-MS voor de analyse van eiwit digesten toonde is er ook een nadere kritische blik geworpen op deze specifieke techniek. Hoofdstuk 5 beschrijft de meest recente ontwikkelingen van CE-ESI-MS op het gebied van de analyse van eiwit-digesten. Het doel van dit hoofdstuk was het creëren van een basis voor mensen die onbekend zijn met deze techniek. In Hoofdstuk 6 is de ontwikkeling van een data verwerking strategie beschreven die gebruikt kan worden om twee monsters die gefractioneerd zijn met SDS-PAGE met elkaar te vergelijken. Omdat SDS-PAGE de eiwitten scheidt op basis van hun intacte massa is de methode complementair met de scheiding die wordt gedaan op de peptiden door middel van RPLC of CE. Hierdoor konden de SDS-PAGE fracties geanalyseerd worden met beide technieken. De ontwikkelde methode laat zien dat RPLC- en CEscheidingen zeer complementair zijn voor wat betreft de identificatie van peptiden met betrekking tot hydrofobiciteit en peptide grote. Verder identificeerde de CE-MS methode in de zelfde fracties meer peptiden en eiwitten dan RPLC-MS analyse. De experimenten in Hoofdstuk 7 toonden de toepassing van de poreuze naald CE-ESI-MS methode bij de analyse van eiwitten die verkregen werden uit menselijke glomeruli. Een fractionerings methode die vergelijkbaar is met die beschreven in Hoofdstuk 6 werd toegepast om zoveel mogelijk eiwitten te identificeren in een grote hoeveelheid glomeruli. Vergeleken met de enige eerder gepubliceerde resultaten de analyse van eiwitten uit glomeruli werd een significant groter aantal eiwitten geïdentificeerd. De analyse van glomeruli verkregen uit menselijke nier biopten is het uiteindelijke doel. Daarom werd onze CE-ESI-MS methode, gekoppeld met een geoptimaliseerde monster voorbewerking getest voor deze toepassing. Glomeruli verkregen door middel van laser micro-dissectie werden gebruikt als model monster. Er werd aangetoond dat er 100 eiwitten konden worden geïdentificeerd in een hoeveelheid materiaal dat equivalent is aan één volledige glomerulus. Dit proefschrift toont de potentie van CE-ESI-MS waarbij gebruik wordt maakt van een poreuze naald voor de analyse van post-translationele modificaties op eiwitten en de analyse van eiwit-digesten. Er werd aangetoond dat deze strategie slechts lage monster hoeveelheden nodig heeft en zeer hoge scheiding resoluties kan behalen. Alhoewel de laadbaarheid van het systeem nog een beperkende factor is kan die in de toekomst verbeterd en/of opgelost worden door ontwikkelingen op het gebied van monster lading strategieën. Daarom is het mogelijk dat CE-ESI-MS met de poreuze naald een algemeen gebruikte analytische strategie kan worden. 173

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